Method for manufacturing semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

An object is to manufacture a highly reliable semiconductor device including a thin film transistor with stable electric characteristics. In a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including a thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film is used for a semiconductor layer including a channel formation region, heat treatment (for dehydration or dehydrogenation) is performed to improve the purity of the oxide semiconductor film and reduce impurities including moisture or the like. After that, slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. Besides impurities including moisture or the like exiting in the oxide semiconductor film, heat treatment causes reduction of impurities including moisture or the like exiting in a gate insulating layer and those in interfaces between the oxide semiconductor film and films which are provided over and below the oxide semiconductor and in contact therewith.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor and a manufacturing method thereof.

In this specification, a semiconductor device generally means a device which can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics, and an electro-optic device, a semiconductor circuit, and electronic equipment are all semiconductor devices.

BACKGROUND ART

In recent years, a technique for forming a thin film transistor (TFT) by using a semiconductor thin film (having a thickness of approximately several nanometers to several hundred nanometers) formed over a substrate having an insulating surface has attracted attention. Thin film transistors are applied to a wide range of electronic devices such as ICs or electro-optical devices, and prompt development of thin film transistors that are to be used as switching elements in image display devices, in particular, is being pushed. Indium oxide, which is an example of a metal oxide, is used for a material of a transparent electrode which is needed in a liquid crystal display or the like.

Some metal oxides have semiconductor characteristics. The examples of such metal oxides having semiconductor characteristics are a tungsten oxide, a tin oxide, an indium oxide, a zinc oxide, and the like. A thin film transistor in which a channel formation region is formed using such metal oxides having semiconductor characteristics is known (Patent Documents 1 to 4 and Non-Patent Document 1).

Further, not only single-component oxides but also multi-component oxides are known as metal oxides. For example, homologous compound, InGaO₃(ZnO)_(m) (m is a natural number) is known as a multi-component oxide including In, Ga and Zn (also referred to as an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide) (Non-Patent Documents 2 to 4).

Furthermore, it is confirmed that an oxide semiconductor including such an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide is applicable to a channel layer of a thin film transistor (Patent Document 5, Non-Patent Documents 5 and 6).

REFERENCE Patent Document

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     S60-198861 -   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     H8-264794 -   [Patent Document 3] Japanese Translation of PCT International     Application No. H11-505377 -   [Patent Document 4] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2000-150900 -   [Patent Document 5] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2004-103957

Non-Patent Document

-   [Non-Patent Document 1] M. W. Prins, K. O. Grosse-Holz, G.     Muller, J. F. M. Cillessen, J. B. Giesbers, R. P. Weening, and R. M.     Wolf, “A ferroelectric transparent thin-film transistor,” Appl.     Phys. Lett., 17 Jun. 1996, Vol. 68 pp. 3650-3652 -   [Non-Patent Document 2] M. Nakamura, N. Kimizuka, and T. Mohri, “The     Phase Relations in the In₂O₃—Ga₂ZnO₄—ZnO System at 1350° C.”, J.     Solid State Chem., 1991, Vol. 93, pp. 298-315 -   [Non-Patent Document 3] N. Kimizuka, M. Isobe, and M. Nakamura,     “Syntheses and Single-Crystal Data of Homologous Compounds,     In₂O₃(ZnO)_(m) (m=3, 4, and 5), InGaO₃(ZnO)₃, and Ga₂O₃(ZnO)_(m)     (m=7, 8, 9, and 16) in the In₂O₃—ZnGa₂O₄—ZnO System”, J. Solid State     Chem., 1995, Vol. 116, pp. 170-178 -   [Non-Patent Document 4] M. Nakamura, N. Kimizuka, T. Mohri, and M.     Isobe, “Syntheses and crystal structures of new homologous     compounds, indium iron zinc oxides (InFeO₃(ZnO)_(m)) (m:natural     number) and related compounds”, KOTAI BUTSURI (SOLID STATE PHYSICS),     1993, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 317-327 -   [Non-Patent Document 5] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, K. Ueda, T. Kamiya, M.     Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Thin-film transistor fabricated in     single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor”, SCIENCE, 2003,     Vol. 300, pp. 1269-1272 -   [Non-Patent Document 6] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M.     Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Room-temperature fabrication of transparent     flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide     semiconductors”, NATURE, 2004, Vol. 432 pp. 488-492

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

An object is to manufacture a highly reliable semiconductor device including a thin film transistor with stable electric characteristics.

In a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including a thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film is used for a semiconductor layer including a channel formation region, heat treatment (which is used for dehydration or dehydrogenation) is performed so as to improve the purity of the oxide semiconductor film and reduce impurities including moisture or the like. Besides impurities including moisture or the like exiting in the oxide semiconductor film, heat treatment causes reduction of impurities including moisture or the like exiting in a gate insulating layer 402 and those in interfaces between the oxide semiconductor film and films which are provided over and below the oxide semiconductor to be in contact therewith.

In order to reduce impurities including moisture or the like, after formation of the oxide semiconductor film, heat treatment is performed in an inert-gas atmosphere including nitrogen or a rare gas such as argon or helium or under reduced pressure, at 200° C. or higher, preferably, 400° C. to 600° C. inclusive, in such a condition that the formed oxide semiconductor film is exposed. As a result, impurities including moisture or the like, which are included in the oxide semiconductor film, are reduced. After the heat treatment, slow cooling is performed to a temperature which is equal to or higher than room temperature and lower than 100° C. in an oxygen atmosphere.

Use of an oxide semiconductor film in which included impurities including moisture or the like are reduced by heat treatment performed under an inert-gas atmosphere including nitrogen, argon, or the like or under reduced pressure and which is submitted to a slow cooling in an oxygen atmosphere allows improvement of electric characteristics of a thin film transistor comprising the oxide semiconductor film, and enhancement of mass productivity of a thin film transistor of high performance.

A temperature ramp was applied to a plurality of samples in a nitrogen atmosphere, except otherwise specified. Such a plurality of samples were measured with a thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) apparatus. Measurement results are shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 6, and FIG. 7.

The thermal desorption spectroscopy apparatus is used for detecting and identifying a gas component discharged or generated from the samples by a quadrupole mass analyzer; thus, a gas and a molecule discharged from surfaces and insides of the samples can be observed. Discharge or generation of gas from the samples occurs while the samples are heated and the temperature is rising in high vacuum. With use of a thermal desorption spectrometer (product name: EMD-WA1000S) manufactured by ESCO Ltd., measurement was performed under a condition where the rising temperature was at approximately 10° C./min., the SEM voltage was set to 1500 V, the dwell time was 0.2 (sec), and the number of channels to be used was 23. In addition, during the measurement, the pressure was at a degree of vacuum of about 1×10⁻⁷ (Pa). Note that the ionization coefficient, the fragmentation coefficient, the pass-through coefficient, and the pumping rate of H₂O were respectively 1.0, 0.805, 1.56, and 1.0.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing TDS results of comparison between a sample (comparative sample) which includes only a glass substrate and a sample (Sample 1) where an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed over a glass substrate. FIG. 5 shows results obtained by measuring H₂O. Discharge of impurities such as moisture (H₂O) from the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film can be confirmed from a peak in the vicinity of 300° C.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing comparison of samples, which shows TDS measurement results of H₂O. The comparison was performed on the following samples: the sample (Sample 1) where an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed over a glass substrate; a sample (Sample 2) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for an hour at 350° C. under an air atmosphere; and a sample (Sample 3) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for an hour at 350° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. From the results shown in FIG. 6, peak intensity in the vicinity of 300° C. of Sample 3 is lower than that of Sample 2. Thus, discharge of moisture (H₂O) and the like due to heat treatment performed under a nitrogen atmosphere can be confirmed. Moreover, it is found that heat treatment performed under a nitrogen atmosphere reduces impurities such as moisture (H₂O) more than heat treatment performed under an air atmosphere.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing TDS measurement results of H₂O in samples. The respective samples were formed as follows: the sample (Sample 1) where an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed over a glass substrate; a sample (Sample 4) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for an hour at 250° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere; the sample (Sample 3) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for an hour at 350° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere; a sample (Sample 5) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for an hour at 450° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere; and a sample (Sample 6) where the structure of Sample 1 is subjected to heat treatment for 10 hours at 350° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. From the results shown in FIG. 7, it is found that the higher the heat temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere is, the smaller the amount of impurities such as moisture (H₂O) discharged from the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film becomes.

In addition, from the graphs of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, two peaks can be confirmed: a first peak in the vicinity of 200° C. to 250° C., which indicates discharge of impurities such as moisture (H₂O); and a second peak at 300° C. or higher, which indicates discharge of impurities such as moisture (H₂O).

Note that in the case where the sample which has been subjected to heat treatment at 450° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere is left at room temperature in an air atmosphere even for approximately one week, discharge of moisture at 200° C. or higher was not observed. Thus, it is found that by performing heat treatment, the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film becomes stable.

Further, FIG. 4 shows measurement results of carrier concentrations. Conditions of heat temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere were set to 150° C., 175° C., 200° C., 225° C., 250° C., 275° C., 300° C., 325° C., 350° C., 375° C., 400° C., 425° C., and 450° C., and a carrier concentration at each temperature was measured.

From the results of FIG. 4, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, and FIG. 7, it is found that there is a relation, at 250° C. or higher in TDS measurement, between discharge of impurities such as moisture (H₂O) from the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film and change in carrier concentration. When the impurities such as moisture (H₂O) are discharged from the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film, the carrier concentration is increased.

Moreover, H, O, OH, H₂, O₂, N, N₂, and Ar, in addition to H₂O, were each measured by TDS. The measurement showed that significant peaks of H₂O, H, O, and OH were observed but peaks of H₂, O₂, N, N₂, and Ar were not observed. As samples of the above measurement, a structure where an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film with a thickness of 50 nm was formed over a glass substrate was used. The conditions of heat treatment were set as follows: heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere at 250° C. for an hour; that in a nitrogen atmosphere at 350° C. for an hour; that in a nitrogen atmosphere at 350° C. for ten hours; that in an air atmosphere at 350° C. for an hour; and that in an air atmosphere at 450° C. for an hour. As comparative samples, a structure in which heat treatment was not performed on an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film and a structure including only a glass substrate were measured.

According to the above results, it is found that by application of the heat treatment of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film, mainly moisture is discharged. In other words, the heat treatment causes mainly discharge of moisture (H₂O) from the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film, and decomposition of water molecules causes discharge of H, O, OH, or the like. Note that hydrogen and OH which are considered to be included in the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film are discharged together by the heat treatment.

In this specification, heat treatment performed under an inert gas atmosphere including nitrogen or an inert gas such as argon or helium or under reduced pressure is referred to as heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation. In this specification, “dehydrogenation” does not indicate elimination of only H₂ by heat treatment. For convenience, elimination of H, OH, and the like is referred to as “dehydration or dehydrogenation”.

Impurities (H₂O, H, OH, or the like) included in an oxide semiconductor layer are reduced and the carrier concentration is increased by heat treatment performed in an inert gas, and then slow cooling is performed. After the slow cooling, the carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced by formation of an oxide insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer or the like, which leads to improvement in reliability.

By heat treatment performed under a nitrogen atmosphere, the resistance of an oxide semiconductor layer is reduced (the carrier concentration is increased, preferably to 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher), so that a low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer can be obtained. After that, if an oxide insulating film is formed to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer, in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer, the resistance of at least a region in contact with the oxide insulating film is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³). Thus, a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region can be obtained. During a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, it is important to increase and decrease the carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer by application of heating in an inert gas atmosphere (or under reduced pressure), slow cooling in an oxygen atmosphere, formation of an oxide insulating film, and the like. In other words, heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation is performed on an oxide semiconductor layer, which results in that the oxide semiconductor layer becomes an oxygen-deficiency type and is turned into an n-type (such as n⁻ or n⁺-type) oxide semiconductor layer. Then, by formation of an oxide insulating film, the oxide semiconductor layer is in an oxygen-excess state and forms an i-type oxide semiconductor layer. When an oxide insulating film is formed over the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film, the carrier concentration of the oxide insulating was of 1×10¹⁴/cm³ or lower, which is indicated by a dotted line 10 in FIG. 4. In this manner, a semiconductor device including a thin film transistor having high electric characteristics and high reliability can be provided.

Note that as the oxide insulating film formed to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer, an inorganic insulating film which blocks impurities such as moisture, hydrogen ions, and OH⁻ is used. Specifically, a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride oxide film is used.

In addition, after the oxide insulating film serving as a protective film is formed to be over and in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer, second heat treatment may be performed. In the case where second heat treatment is performed after formation of the oxide insulating film serving as a protective film to be over and in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer, variation in electric characteristics of thin film transistors can be reduced.

Moisture included in the oxide semiconductor layer can include a variety of forms such as moisture (H₂O), M-OH, M-H, and the like as well as hydrogen (M denotes a metal atom). An average value or a peak value of the hydrogen concentration which is the absolute quantity is 3×10²⁰ cm⁻³ or lower, preferably 1×10²⁰ cm⁻³ or lower.

Such a concentration range can be measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or on the basis of data of SIMS.

With the above structure, at least one of the above defined objectives can be attained.

The oxide semiconductor used in this specification is, for example, a thin film having a composition expressed by InMO₃(ZnO)_(m) (m>0), and a thin film transistor using the thin film as an oxide semiconductor layer is manufactured. Note that M denotes one metal element or a plurality of metal elements selected from Ga, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Co. For example, M denotes Ga in some cases; meanwhile, M can denote Ni or Fe in addition to Ga (Ga and Ni or Ga and Fe for examples) in other cases. Further, the above oxide semiconductor may include Fe or Ni, another transitional metal element, or an oxide of the transitional metal as an impurity element in addition to the metal element included as M. In this specification, an oxide semiconductor layer whose composition formula is represented as InMO₃ (ZnO)_(m) (m>0) where at least Ga is included as M is referred to as an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, and a thin film thereof is also referred to as an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film.

As the oxide semiconductor which is applied to the oxide semiconductor layer, any of the following oxide semiconductors can be applied in addition to the above: an In—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Ga—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor; and a Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor. Moreover, silicon oxide may be included in the above oxide semiconductor layer. Addition of silicon oxide (SiO_(x) (x>0)) which hinders crystallization into the oxide semiconductor layer can suppress crystallization of the oxide semiconductor layer in the case where heat treatment is performed after formation of the oxide semiconductor layer in the manufacturing process. Note that the preferable state of the oxide semiconductor layer is amorphous, but partial crystallization thereof is acceptable.

The oxide semiconductor preferably includes In, further preferably, includes In and Ga. Dehydration or dehydrogenation followed by the formation of an oxide layer in contact with the oxide semiconductor is effective in forming an i-type (intrinsic) oxide semiconductor layer.

Since a thin film transistor is easily broken due to static electricity or the like, a protective circuit for protecting a driver circuit is preferably provided over the same substrate as a gate line or a source line of the driver circuit. The protective circuit is preferably formed with a non-linear element including an oxide semiconductor.

Further, formation of a gate insulating layer and an oxide semiconductor film of a same transistor may be successively performed without exposure to air. Such treatment is also called successive treatment, in-situ step, or successive film formation. Successive formation without exposure to air enables an interface between the gate insulating layer and the oxide semiconductor film to be formed without being contaminated by atmospheric components or contamination impurities floating in the air, such as moisture or hydrocarbon. Thus, variation in characteristics of thin film transistors can be reduced.

Note that the term “successive treatment” in this specification means that during the process from a first treatment step performed by a PCVD method or a sputtering method to a second treatment step performed by a PCVD method or a sputtering method, an atmosphere in which a substrate to be processed is disposed is not contaminated by a contaminant atmosphere such as air, and is constantly controlled to be vacuum or an inert-gas atmosphere (a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere). By the successive treatment, treatment such as film formation can be performed while moisture and the like is prevented from attaching again to the substrate to be processed, substrate which has been previously cleaned.

Performing the process from the first treatment step to the second treatment step in the same chamber is within the scope of the successive treatment in this specification.

Further, the case where the process from the first treatment step to the second treatment is performed in different chambers in the following manner is also within the scope of the successive treatment in this specification: the substrate is transferred after the first treatment step to another chamber without being exposed to air and subjected to the second treatment.

Note that the case where there is the following step between the first treatment step and the second treatment step is also within the scope of the successive treatment in this specification: a substrate transfer step, an alignment step, a slow cooling step, a heating or cooling a substrate step which is for setting the substrate to have temperature suitable to the second film formation step, or the like.

However, the following case is not within the scope of the successive treatment in this specification: there is a step in which liquid is used, such as a cleaning step, a wet etching step, or a resist formation step between the first treatment step and the second treatment step.

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION

A thin film transistor having stable electric characteristics can be manufactured. Further, a semiconductor device which includes thin film transistors having excellent electric characteristics and high reliability can be manufactured.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an electric furnace used in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a carrier concentration of an oxide semiconductor layer with respect to heating temperature;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing TDS measurement results;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing TDS measurement results;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing TDS measurement results;

FIGS. 8A to 8D are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A to 10D are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 11A to 11C are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a top view illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 13A1 and 13B1 are cross-sectional views and FIGS. 13A2 and 13B2 are top views illustrating a semiconductor device of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 15A1 and 15A2 are top views and FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 16A and 16B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an equivalent circuit of a pixel of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 18A to 18C are each a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 19A and 19B are block diagrams each illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a structure of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 21 is a timing chart showing operation of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 22 is a timing chart showing operation of a signal line driver circuit;

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a structure of a shift register;

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a connection structure of a flip flop shown in FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 26 illustrates an example of a usage mode of electronic paper;

FIG. 27 is an external view illustrating an example of an electronic book reader;

FIGS. 28A and 28B are external views respectively illustrating examples of a television set and a digital photo frame;

FIGS. 29A and 29B are external views illustrating examples of an amusement machine.

FIGS. 30A and 30B are external views respectively illustrating an example of a portable computer and an example of a mobile phone;

FIGS. 31A to 31D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 34A and 34B are cross-sectional views and FIG. 34C is a top view illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 35A and 35B are cross-sectional views each illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device that is an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 37 is a view illustrating a structure of an oxide semiconductor layer used for calculation.

FIG. 38 is a graph showing calculation results of an oxygen concentration of an oxide semiconductor layer.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the description below, and it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that modes and details disclosed herein can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not construed as being limited to description of the embodiments.

Embodiment 1

A semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1D and FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 2A is a top view of a thin film transistor 470 of a semiconductor device, and FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view along line C1-C2 of FIG. 2A. The thin film transistor 470 is an inverted staggered thin film transistor and includes, over a substrate 400 which is a substrate having an insulating surface, a gate electrode layer 401, a gate insulating layer 402, an oxide semiconductor layer 403, and source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b. In addition, an oxide insulating film 407 is provided to cover the thin film transistor 470 and to be in contact with the semiconductor layer 403.

The oxide semiconductor layer 403 is subjected to at least heat treatment (heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation) for reducing impurities such as moisture and the like, after formation of the oxide semiconductor film 403, so that its resistance is reduced (the carrier concentration is increased, preferably to 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher). Then, the oxide insulating film 407 is formed in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403 while slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere, which results in that the resistance is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³), so that the oxide semiconductor film can be used as a channel formation region.

After elimination of impurities such as moisture (H₂O) by application of heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, it is preferable that slow cooling be performed under an oxygen atmosphere. After the heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation and the slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced by formation of an oxide insulating film to be in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer or the like, which improves reliability of the thin film transistor 470.

Besides impurities such as moisture inside the semiconductor layer 403, the heat treatment causes reduction in impurities such as moisture inside the gate insulating layer 402 and at lower and upper interfaces thereof, and interfaces of the oxide semiconductor layer 403, more specifically the interfaces between the oxide semiconductor layer 403 and the gate insulating layer 402 and the oxide insulating film 407.

The source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403 which is an oxide semiconductor layer are formed using one or more materials selected from titanium, aluminum, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, and beryllium. Further, an alloy film including these elements in combination, and the like, may be stacked.

The oxide semiconductor layer 403 including a channel formation region may be formed using an oxide material having semiconductor characteristics. Typically, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film is used.

FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of the thin film transistor 470 illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

In FIG. 1A, the gate electrode layer 401 is provided over the substrate 400 which is a substrate having an insulating surface. An insulating film serving as a base film may be provided between the substrate 400 and the gate electrode layer 401. The base film may have a function of preventing diffusion of an impurity element from the substrate 400, and can be formed to have a single-layer or stacked-layer structure using one or more of a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride oxide film, and a silicon oxynitride film. The gate electrode layer 401 can be formed as a single layer or a stacked layers using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, neodymium, or scandium or an alloy material which includes any of these materials as its main component.

For example, as a two-layer structure of each of the gate electrode layer 401, the following two-layer structures are preferable: a two-layer structure of an aluminum layer and a molybdenum layer thereover, a two-layer structure of a copper layer and a molybdenum layer thereover, a two-layer structure of a copper layer and a titanium nitride layer or a tantalum nitride layer thereover, and a two-layer structure of a titanium nitride layer and a molybdenum layer. Alternatively, a three-layer structure in which a tungsten layer or a tungsten nitride layer, an aluminum-silicon alloy layer or an aluminum-titanium alloy layer, and a titanium nitride layer or a titanium layer are stacked is preferably used.

The gate insulating layer 402 is formed over the gate electrode layer 401.

The gate insulating layer 402 can be formed in a single layer or a stacked layer using a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, or a silicon nitride oxide layer by a plasma CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like. For example, a silicon oxynitride layer may be formed using a deposition gas containing SiH₄, oxygen, and nitrogen by a plasma CVD method.

Examples of a sputtering method include an RF sputtering method in which a high-frequency power source is used as a sputtering power source, a DC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in which a bias is applied in a pulsed manner. An RF sputtering method is mainly used in the case of forming an insulating film, and a DC sputtering method is mainly used in the case of forming a metal film.

In addition, there is a multi-source sputtering apparatus in which a plurality of targets of different materials can be set. With the multi-source sputtering apparatus, films of different materials can be deposited to be stacked in the same chamber, and a film of plural kinds of materials can be deposited by electric discharge at the same time in the same chamber.

In addition, there are a sputtering apparatus provided with a magnet system inside the chamber and used for a magnetron sputtering, and a sputtering apparatus used for an ECR sputtering in which plasma generated with the use of microwaves is used without using glow discharge.

Furthermore, as a deposition method by sputtering, there are also a reactive sputtering method in which a target substance and a sputtering gas component are chemically reacted with each other during deposition to form a thin compound film thereof, and a bias sputtering method in which a voltage is also applied to a substrate during deposition.

Next, an oxide semiconductor film is formed over the gate insulating layer 402.

Note that before the oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method, particles on a surface of the gate insulating layer 402 are preferably removed by reverse sputtering in which an argon gas is introduced and plasma is generated. The reverse sputtering refers to a method in which, without application of voltage to a target side, an RF power source is used for application of voltage to a substrate side in an argon atmosphere to generate plasma in the vicinity of the substrate to modify a surface. Note that instead of an argon atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, a helium atmosphere, or the like may be used. Alternatively, an argon atmosphere to which oxygen, N₂O, or the like is added may be used. Further alternatively, an argon atmosphere to which Cl₂, CF₄, or the like is added may be used.

The oxide semiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method with use of an In—Ga—Zn—O based metal oxide semiconductor target. Alternatively, the oxide semiconductor film can be formed by a sputtering method under a rare gas (typically argon) atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere, or an atmosphere of a rare gas (typically argon) and oxygen.

The gate insulating layer 402 and the oxide semiconductor film may be formed successively without exposure to air. Successive film formation without exposure to air makes it possible to obtain an interface of stacked layers, which are not contaminated by atmospheric components or impurity elements floating in air, such as moisture or hydrocarbon. Therefore, variation in characteristics of the thin film transistor can be reduced.

The oxide semiconductor film is processed into an island-shaped oxide semiconductor layer (a first oxide semiconductor layer) by a photolithography step (see FIG. 1A).

Heat treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor layer in an atmosphere of an inert gas (such as nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon) or under reduced pressure, and then, slow cooling is performed in an oxygen atmosphere (see FIG. 1B). By heat treatment performed on the oxide semiconductor layer 430 in such an atmosphere, impurities included in the oxide semiconductor layer 430, such as hydrogen and moisture, can be removed.

Note that in heat treatment, it is preferable that moisture, hydrogen, and the like be not included in nitrogen or a rare gas such as helium, neon, or argon. Alternatively, it is preferable that nitrogen or a rare gas such as helium, neon, or argon introduced into an apparatus for heat treatment have purity of 6N (99.9999%) or more, preferably, 7N (99.99999%) or more; that is, an impurity concentration is set to 1 ppm or lower, preferably, 0.1 ppm or lower.

As heat treatment, an instantaneous heating method can be employed, such as a heating method using an electric furnace, a GRTA (gas rapid thermal annealing) method using a heated gas, or an LRTA (lamp rapid thermal anneal) method using lamp light.

Here, a heating method using an electric furnace 601 is described with reference to FIG. 3 as one mode of heating treatment of the oxide semiconductor layer 430.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the electric furnace 601. Heaters 603, which heat the chamber 602, are provided outside a chamber 602. Inside the chamber 602, a susceptor 605 in which a substrate 604 is mounted is provided. The substrate 604 is transferred into/from the chamber 602. In addition, the chamber 602 is provided with a gas supply means 606 and an evacuation means 607. With the gas supply means 606, a gas is introduced into the chamber 602. The evacuation means 607 exhausts the inside of the chamber 602 or reduces the pressure in the chamber 602. Note that the temperature rise characteristics of the electric furnace are preferably set between 0.1° C./min and 20° C./min. The temperature decrease characteristics of the electric furnace are preferably set between 0.1° C./min and 15° C./min.

The gas supply means 606 includes a gas supply source 611 a, a gate supply source 611 b, a pressure adjusting valve 612 a, a pressure adjusting valve 612 b, a refining apparatus 613 a, a refining apparatus 613 b, a mass flow controller 614 a, a mass flow controller 614 b, a stop valve 615 a, and a stop valve 615 b. In this embodiment, it is preferable that the refining apparatus 613 a and the refining apparatus 613 b be provided between the gas supply sources 611 a and 611 b and the chamber 602. The refining apparatus 613 a and the refining apparatus 613 b can remove impurities such as moisture and hydrogen in a gas which is introduced from the gas supply source 611 a and the gas supply source 611 b into the chamber 602; thus, entry of impurities such as moisture and hydrogen into the chamber 602 can be suppressed by provision of the refining apparatus 613 a and the refining apparatus 613 b.

In this embodiment, nitrogen or a rare gas is introduced into the chamber 602 from the gas supply source 611 a, so that the inside of the chamber 602 is in a nitrogen or a rare gas atmosphere. In the chamber 602 heated at from 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably, from 400° C. to 450° C. inclusive, the oxide semiconductor layer 430 formed over the substrate 604 is heated, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer 430 can be dehydrated and dehydrogenated.

Alternatively, the chamber 602 in which the pressure is reduced by the evacuation means is heated at from 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably, from 400° C. to 450° C. inclusive. In such a chamber 602, the oxide semiconductor layer 430 formed over the substrate 604 is heated, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer 430 can be dehydrated and dehydrogenated.

Next, introduction of nitrogen or a rare gas from the gas supply source 611 a to the chamber 602 is stopped and the heaters are turned off. Then, oxygen is introduced from the gas supply source 611 b into the chamber 602 and the chamber 602 of a heating apparatus is slowly cooled. That is, the inside of the chamber 602 is set to an oxygen atmosphere and the substrate 604 is slowly cooled. Here, it is preferable that the oxygen introduced from the gas supply source 611 b into the chamber 602 do not include impurities such as moisture and hydrogen. In addition, it is preferable that purity of the oxygen introduced from the gas supply source 611 b into the chamber 602 be 6N (99.9999%) or lower, preferably 7N (99.99999%) (that is, an impurity concentration in the oxygen is 1 ppm, preferably 0.1 ppm) or lower. The resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced (the carrier concentration is increased, preferably 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher) by heat treatment under an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, so that an oxide semiconductor layer 431 (a second oxide semiconductor layer) whose resistance is reduced can be obtained.

As a result, reliability of the thin film transistor formed later can be improved.

Note that in the case where the heat treatment is performed under reduced pressure, oxygen may be introduced in the chamber 602 after the heat treatment so that the pressure is returned to the atmospheric pressure and then the cooling may be performed.

In addition, when oxygen is introduced from the gas supply source 611 b into the chamber 602, one or both of nitrogen and a rare gas such as helium, neon, or argon, may be introduced into the chamber 602.

After the substrate 604 in the chamber 602 of the heating apparatus is cooled to 300° C., the substrate 604 may be transferred into an atmosphere at room temperature. As a result, the cooling time of the substrate 604 can be shortened.

If the heating apparatus has a multi-chamber structure, heat treatment and cooling treatment can be performed in chambers different from each other. Typically, an oxide semiconductor layer over a substrate is heated in a first chamber which is filled with nitrogen or a rare gas and heated at from 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably from 400° C. to 450° C. inclusive. Next, the substrate subjected to heat treatment is transferred, through a transfer chamber in which nitrogen or a rare gas is introduced, into a second chamber which is filled with oxygen and heated at 100° C. or lower, preferably at room temperature, and then cooling treatment is performed therein. Through the above steps, throughput can be increased.

The heat treatment of the oxide semiconductor layer under an inert-gas atmosphere or reduced pressure may be performed on the oxide semiconductor film which has not yet been processed into the island-shaped oxide semiconductor layer. In that case, after heat treatment of the oxide semiconductor layer 430 performed under an inert gas atmosphere or reduced pressure, slow cooling is performed to the temperature higher than or equal to room temperature and lower than 100° C. under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, the substrate is taken out from the heating apparatus, and a photolithography step is performed.

The oxide semiconductor layer 430 which has been subjected to heat treatment under an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure is preferably an amorphous film, but a part thereof may be crystallized.

Then, a conductive film is formed over the gate insulating layer 402 and the oxide semiconductor layer 431.

As the material of the conductive film 132, there are an element selected from Al, Cr, Ta, Ti, Mo, and W, an alloy containing any of these elements as a component, an alloy containing these elements in combination, and the like.

If heat treatment is performed after formation of the conductive film, the conductive film preferably has heat resistance enough to withstand the heat treatment. Since use of Al alone brings disadvantages such as low heat resistance and a tendency to be corroded, aluminum is preferably used in combination with a conductive material having heat resistance. As the conductive material having heat resistance which can be used in combination with Al, any of the following materials may be used: an element selected from titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), an alloy containing any of these above elements as a component, an alloy containing these elements in combination, and a nitride containing any of these above elements as a component.

The oxide semiconductor layer 431 and the conductive film are etched in an etching step, so that an oxide semiconductor layer 432 and the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b are formed (see FIG. 1C). Note that a portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 432 is only partly etched so that the oxide semiconductor layer 432 has a groove (depression).

The oxide insulating film 407 in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 432 is formed. The oxide insulating film 407 can be formed as appropriate using a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like, avoiding to introduce impurities such as moisture or hydrogen into the oxide insulating film 407. Here, the oxide insulating film 407 is formed using a sputtering method. The oxide insulating film 407 which is formed to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer does not include impurities such as moisture and OW and is formed using an inorganic insulating film which prevents the impurities from entering from the outside. Typically, a silicon oxide nitride, a silicon oxide film, or a silicon nitride oxide film is used.

In this embodiment, as the oxide insulating film 407, a 300-nm-thick silicon oxide film is formed. The substrate temperature in film formation may be from room temperature to 300° C. or lower, and is 100° C. in this embodiment. The formation of a silicon oxide film by a sputtering method can be performed in a rare gas (typically, argon) atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere, or an atmosphere of a rare gas (typically, argon) and oxygen. As a target, a silicon oxide target or a silicon target may be used. For example, with use of a silicon target, a silicon oxide film can be formed by a sputtering method under an atmosphere of oxygen and nitrogen.

When the oxide insulating film 407 is formed by a sputtering method, a PCVD method, or the like to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 432, in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 432, the resistance of at least a region in contact with the oxide insulating film 407 is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³). Thus, a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region can be obtained. During a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, it is important to increase and decrease the carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer through application of a heat treatment under an inert gas atmosphere (or reduced pressure) and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, formation of an oxide insulating film, and the like. The oxide semiconductor layer 432 becomes the semiconductor layer 403 having a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region (a third oxide semiconductor layer), and then, the thin film transistor 470 can be completed (see FIG. 1D).

Impurities (such as H₂O, H, and OH) included in the oxide semiconductor layer are reduced by application of the heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, and the carrier concentration is increased. After that, slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, formation of an oxide insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer, or the like, is performed, so that the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced. Thus, reliability of the thin film transistor 470 can be improved.

Further, after formation of the oxide insulating film 407, heat treatment may be performed on the thin film transistor 470, under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere (in the air) at temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C., preferably. For example, heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere at 250° C. is performed for an hour. In such heat treatment, the oxide semiconductor layer 432 in a condition of being in contact with the oxide insulating film 407 is heated; thus, variation in electric characteristics of the thin film transistor 470 can be reduced.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which are different from those in Embodiment 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A to 8D and FIGS. 9A and 9B. The same portion as or a portion having functions similar to those described in Embodiment 1 can be formed in a manner similar to that described in Embodiment 1; therefore, redundant description is omitted.

FIG. 9A is a top view of a thin film transistor 460 included in a semiconductor device described in this embodiment, and FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view along line D1-D2 of FIG. 9A. The thin film transistor 460 is a bottom-gate thin film transistor and includes, over a substrate 450 which is a substrate having an insulating surface, a gate electrode layer 451, a gate insulating layer 452, source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b, and an oxide semiconductor layer 453. In addition, an oxide insulating film 457 is provided so as to cover the thin film transistor 460 and be in contact with the semiconductor layer 453. For the oxide semiconductor layer 453, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single crystal is used.

In the thin film transistor 460, the gate insulating layer 452 exists throughout the region including the thin film transistor 460, and the gate electrode layer 451 is provided between the gate insulating layer 452 and the substrate 450 which is a substrate having an insulating surface. Over the gate insulating layer 452, the source or drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b are provided. Further, the oxide semiconductor layer 453 is provided over the gate insulating layer 452 and the source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b. Although not illustrated, a wiring layer is provided over the gate insulating layer 452 in addition to the source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b, and the wiring layer extends beyond the peripheral portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 453.

The oxide semiconductor layer 453 is subjected at least to heat treatment (heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation) for reducing impurities such as moisture and the like and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere after formation of the oxide semiconductor film 453, so that its resistance is reduced (the carrier concentration is increased, preferably to 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher). After that, the oxide insulating film 457 is formed to be in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 453, so that the resistance is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably to lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³). Accordingly, the oxide semiconductor film can be used as a channel formation region.

After elimination of impurities such as moisture (H₂O) by application of heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. After heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced by formation of an oxide insulating film to be in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer or the like, which improves reliability of the thin film transistor 460.

The source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b in contact with the semiconductor layer 453 are formed using one or more materials selected from titanium, aluminum, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, and beryllium.

FIGS. 8A to 8D are cross-sectional views illustrating manufacturing steps of the thin film transistor 460 illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B.

The gate electrode layer 451 is provided over the substrate 450 which is a substrate having an insulating surface. Note that an insulating film serving as a base film may be provided between the substrate 450 and the gate electrode layer 451. The gate electrode layer 451 can be formed using a material similar to that of the gate electrode layer 401 described in Embodiment 1.

The gate insulating layer 452 is formed over the gate electrode layer 451. The gate insulating layer 452 can be formed using a material similar to that of the gate insulating layer 402 described in Embodiment 1.

A conductive film is formed over the gate insulating layer 452 and processed into the island-shaped source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b by a photolithography step (see FIG. 8A). The source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b can be formed in a manner similar to the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b described in Embodiment 1.

Then, an oxide semiconductor film is formed over the gate insulating layer 452 and the source and drain electrode layers 455 a and 455 b, and formed into an island-shaped oxide semiconductor layer 483 (first oxide semiconductor layer) by a photolithography step (see FIG. 8B).

The oxide semiconductor layer 483 serves as a channel formation region and is thus formed in a manner similar to the oxide semiconductor film in Embodiment 1.

Note that before the oxide semiconductor layer 483 is formed by a sputtering method, particles on a surface of the gate insulating layer 452 are preferably removed by reverse sputtering in which an argon gas is introduced and plasma is generated.

Heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation is performed on the oxide semiconductor layer 483, and then, slow cooling is performed in an oxygen atmosphere. As heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, heat treatment is performed in an inert gas (such as nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon) atmosphere or under reduced pressure at a temperature comprised between 200° C. and 600° C. inclusive, preferably, between 400° C. and 450° C. inclusive. By the heat treatment in the above atmosphere and the slow cooling in an oxygen atmosphere, the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 483 is reduced (the carrier concentration is increased, preferably to 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher), so that a low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 484 (a second oxide semiconductor layer) can be obtained (see FIG. 8C).

In heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, it is preferable that moisture, hydrogen, and the like be not contained in nitrogen or a rare gas such as helium, neon, or argon that are employed. Alternatively, it is preferable that nitrogen or a rare gas such as helium, neon, or argon introduced into an apparatus for heat treatment have purity of 6N (99.9999%) or more, preferably, 7N (99.99999%) or more; that is, an impurity concentration is set to 1 ppm or lower, preferably, 0.1 ppm or lower.

The heat treatment of the oxide semiconductor layer in an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure, and the slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere may be performed on the oxide semiconductor film which has not yet been processed into the island-shaped oxide semiconductor layer. In that case, after heat treatment of the oxide semiconductor film in an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure, slow cooling is performed to a temperature higher than or equal to room temperature and lower than 100° C. under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, the substrate is taken out from the heating apparatus, and a photolithography step is performed.

Next, the oxide insulating film 457 is formed by a sputtering method or a PCVD method to be in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 484. In this embodiment, a 300-nm-thick silicon oxide film is formed as the oxide insulating film 457. The substrate temperature in film formation may be from room temperature to 300° C. or lower and is 100° C. in this embodiment. When the oxide insulating film 457 is formed by a sputtering method to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 484, in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 484, the resistance of at least a region in contact with the oxide insulating film 457 which is a silicon oxide film is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably to lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³). Thus, a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region can be obtained. During a manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, it is important to increase and decrease the carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer by application of heat treatment under an inert gas atmosphere (or under reduced pressure) and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, and formation of an oxide insulating film, and the like. The oxide semiconductor layer 484 becomes the oxide semiconductor layer 453 having the high-resistance oxide semiconductor region (a third oxide semiconductor layer), and then, the thin film transistor 460 can be completed (see FIG. 8D).

Impurities (such as H₂O, H, and OH) included in the oxide semiconductor layer are reduced by application of heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, and the carrier concentration is increased. After that, slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, formation of an oxide insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer, or the like, is performed, so that the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced. Thus, reliability of the thin film transistor 460 can be improved.

Further, after formation of the silicon oxide film as the oxide insulating film 457, heat treatment may be performed on the thin film transistor 460, under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere (in the air) at temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C., preferably. For example, heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 250° C. for one hour. In such heat treatment, the semiconductor layer 453 in contact with the oxide insulating film 457 is heated; thereby, variation in electric characteristics of the thin film transistor 460 can be reduced.

This embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 3

A manufacturing process of a semiconductor device including a thin film transistor will be described with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10D, FIGS. 11A to 11C, FIG. 12, and FIGS. 13A1, 13A2, 13B1, and 13B2.

In FIG. 10A, for a substrate 100 having a light-transmitting property, a glass substrate formed of barium borosilicate glass, alumino-borosilicate glass, or the like can be used.

Next, a conductive layer is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 100, and then a first photolithography process is performed to form a resist mask. Then, unnecessary portions of the conductive layer are removed by etching, so that wirings and electrodes (a gate wiring including a gate electrode layer 101, a capacitor wiring 108, and a first terminal 121) are formed. At this time, the etching is performed so that at least an end portion of the gate electrode layer 101 is tapered.

The gate wiring including the gate electrode layer 101, the capacitor wiring 108, and the first terminal 121 in a terminal portion can be formed using the same material as that used for the gate electrode layer 401 described in Embodiment 1 as appropriate. When the gate electrode layer 101 is formed using a heat resistant conductive material, any of the following materials may be used: an element selected from titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc); an alloy including any of these above elements as a component; an alloy including these elements in combination, and a nitride including any of these above elements as a component.

Next, a gate insulating layer 102 is formed over the entire surface of the gate electrode layer 101. The gate insulating layer 102 is formed to a thickness of 50 nm to 250 nm using a sputtering method, a PCVD method, or the like.

For example, as the gate insulating layer 102, a silicon oxide film is formed to a thickness of 100 nm using a sputtering method. Needless to say, the gate insulating layer 102 is not limited to such a silicon oxide film and may be a single layer or a stack of any other types of insulating films such as a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, and a tantalum oxide film.

Next, an oxide semiconductor film (In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film) is formed over the gate insulating layer 102. Formation of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film without exposure to the air after formation of the gate insulating layer 102 using a sputtering method is effective in preventing particles or moisture from attaching to an interface between the gate insulating layer and the semiconductor film. Here, the oxide semiconductor film is formed under an oxygen atmosphere, an argon atmosphere, or an atmosphere of argon and oxygen under the condition where a target is a metal oxide semiconductor target including In, Ga, and Zn (In—Ga—Zn—O-based metal oxide semiconductor target (In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1)) with a diameter of 8 inches, the distance between the substrate and the target is 170 mm, the pressure is 0.4 Pa, and the direct current (DC) power supply is 0.5 kW. Note that a pulse direct current (DC) power source is preferable because particles can be reduced and the film thickness can be uniform. The In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film is formed to a thickness of 5 nm to 200 nm. As the oxide semiconductor film, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film with the thickness of 50 nm is formed using the In—Ga—Zn—O-based metal oxide semiconductor target using a sputtering method.

Next, a second photolithography step is performed to form a resist mask. Then, the oxide semiconductor film is etched. Unnecessary portions of the oxide semiconductor film are removed, for example, by wet etching using a mixed solution of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid, so that an oxide semiconductor layer 133 is formed (see FIG. 10A). Note that etching here is not limited to wet etching and dry etching may also be performed.

As an etchant used for wet etching, a solution obtained by mixing phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid, or the like can be used. In addition, ITO07N (produced by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.) may also be used.

The etchant used in the wet etching and the material which is etched off are removed together by wet cleaning The waste liquid including the etchant and the material etched off may be purified and the material may be reused. When a material such as indium included in the oxide semiconductor layer is collected from the waste liquid after the etching and reused, the resources can be efficiently used and the cost can be reduced.

Note that the etching conditions (etchant, etching time, temperature, or the like) are adjusted as appropriate, depending on a material, so that the films can be etched into desired shapes.

As the etching gas for dry etching, a gas including chlorine (chlorine-based gas such as chlorine (Cl₂), boron chloride (BCl₃), silicon chloride (SiCl₄), or carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)) is preferably used.

Alternatively, a gas including fluorine (fluorine-based gas such as carbon tetrafluoride (CF₄), sulfur fluoride (SF₆), nitrogen fluoride (NF₃), or trifluoromethane (CHF₃)); hydrogen bromide (HBr); oxygen (O₂); any of these gases to which a rare gas such as helium (He) or argon (Ar) is added; or the like can be used as the etching gas for dry etching.

As a dry etching method, a parallel plate RIE (reactive ion etching) method or an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) etching method or the like can be used. In order to etch the film into desired shape, the etching conditions (the amount of electric power applied to a coil-shaped electrode, the amount of electric power applied to an electrode on a substrate side, the temperature of the electrode on the substrate side, or the like) are adjusted as appropriate.

Next, heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation of the oxide semiconductor layer 133 is performed. The oxide semiconductor layer 133 is subjected to the heat treatment in an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon or the like) or under reduced pressure, and then slow cooling of the oxide semiconductor layer 133 is performed in an oxygen atmosphere.

The heat treatment is preferably performed at 200° C. or higher. For example, the heat treatment is performed at 450° C. for an hour under a nitrogen atmosphere. After the heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere, slow cooling is performed in an oxygen atmosphere. Thus, the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 133 is reduced (a carrier concentration is increased, preferably to 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher) and conductivity is increased. Accordingly, a low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 134 is formed (see FIG. 10B). The electrical conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer 134 is preferably 1×10⁻¹ S/cm to 1×10² S/cm, inclusive.

Next, a conductive film 132 is formed using a metal material over the oxide semiconductor layer 134 using a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method (see FIG. 10C).

As a material of the conductive film 132, a material similar to that of the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b described in Embodiment 1 can be used as appropriate.

In the case where heat treatment is performed after formation of the conductive film 132, it is preferable that the conductive film 132 have a heat-resistant property so as to endure this heat treatment.

Next, a third photolithography step is performed to form a resist mask and then unnecessary of the conductive film 132 portions are etched, so that source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b and a second terminal 122 are formed (see FIG. 10D). Wet etching or dry etching is employed as an etching method at this time. For example, when an aluminum film or an aluminum alloy film is used as the conductive film 132, wet etching can be performed using a solution in which phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid are mixed. Alternatively, the conductive film 132 may be wet-etched using an ammonia peroxide mixture (hydrogen peroxide:ammonia:water=5:2:2) to form the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b. In this etching step, an exposed region of the oxide semiconductor layer 134 is partly etched to form an oxide semiconductor layer 135. Therefore, a region of the oxide semiconductor layer 135, which lies between the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b has a small thickness. In FIG. 10D, the etching for forming the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b and the semiconductor layer 135 is performed at one time by dry etching. Accordingly, end portions of the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b are aligned with end portions of the semiconductor layer 135; thus, continuous structures are formed.

In the third photolithography step, the second terminal 122 formed from the same material as the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b is also left in the terminal portion. Note that the second terminal 122 is electrically connected to a wiring (the wiring can be any of the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b).

Further, by use of a resist mask having regions with plural thicknesses (typically, two different thicknesses) which is formed using a multi-tone mask, the number of resist masks can be reduced, resulting in simplified process and lower costs.

Then, the resist mask is removed and a protective insulating layer 107 is formed to cover the gate insulating layer 102, the oxide semiconductor layer 103, and the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b. The protective insulating layer 107 is formed using a silicon oxynitride film formed using a PCVD method. An exposed region of the oxide semiconductor layer 135 provided between the source and drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b, and the protective insulating layer 107 made of the silicon oxynitride film, are provided in contact with each other, so that the resistance of the region in the oxide semiconductor layer 135, which is in contact with the protective insulating layer 107, is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³), and thus an oxide semiconductor layer 103 including a channel formation region whose resistance is increased can be formed (see FIG. 11A).

After formation of the protective insulating layer 107, heat treatment may be performed. The heat treatment may be performed in an air atmosphere or a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C. When the heat treatment is performed, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is heated while being in contact with the protective insulating layer 107, which enables further increase in the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 103. Therefore, electric characteristics of a transistor can be improved and variation in the electric characteristics can be reduced.

Through the above steps, a thin film transistor 170 can be manufactured.

Next, a fourth photolithography step is performed to form a resist mask. The protective insulating layer 107 and the gate insulating layer 102 are etched to form a contact hole 125 reaching the drain electrode layer 105 b. In addition, a contact hole 127 reaching the second terminal 122 and a contact hole 126 reaching the first terminal 121 are also formed in the same etching step. A cross-sectional view at this stage is FIG. 11B.

Next, the resist mask is removed, and then a transparent conductive film is formed. The transparent conductive film is formed using indium oxide (In₂O₃), indium tin oxide (abbreviated as ITO), or the like using a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, or the like. Such a material is etched with a hydrochloric acid-based solution. Instead, because a residue tends to be generated particularly in etching of ITO, an alloy of indium oxide and zinc oxide (In₂O₃—ZnO) may be used as the transparent conductive film in order to improve etching processability.

Next, a fifth photolithography step is performed to form a resist mask. Then, unnecessary portions of the transparent conductive film are etched, so that a pixel electrode layer 110 is formed.

Through the fifth photolithography step, a storage capacitor is formed with the capacitor wiring 108 and the pixel electrode layer 110, in which the gate insulating layer 102 and the protective insulating layer 107 in the capacitor portion are used as dielectrics.

In addition, in the fifth photolithography step, the first terminal 121 and the second terminal 122 are covered with the resist mask, and transparent conductive films 128 and 129 are left in the terminal portions. The transparent conductive films 128 and 129 function as electrodes or wirings connected to an FPC. The transparent conductive film 128 formed over the first terminal 121 is a connecting terminal electrode serving as an input terminal of a gate wiring. The transparent conductive film 129 formed over the second terminal 122 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal of the source wiring.

Subsequently, the resist mask is removed. A cross-sectional view at this stage is FIG. 11C. Note that a plan view at this stage corresponds to FIG. 12.

Further, FIGS. 13A1 and 13A2 are a cross-sectional view of a gate wiring terminal portion at this stage and a plan view thereof, respectively. FIG. 13A1 is a cross-sectional view taken along line E1-E2 of FIG. 13A2. In FIG. 13A1, a transparent conductive film 155 formed over a protective insulating layer 154 is a connection terminal electrode serving as an input terminal. Furthermore, in the terminal portion of FIG. 13A1, a first terminal 151 formed from the same material as the gate wiring and a connection electrode layer 153 formed from the same material as the source wiring overlap each other with a gate insulating layer 152 interposed therebetween, and are electrically connected to each other through the transparent conductive film 155. Note that a portion where the transparent conductive film 128 and the first terminal 121 are in contact with each other in FIG. 11C corresponds to a portion where the transparent conductive film 155 and the first terminal 151 are in contact with each other in FIG. 13A1.

FIGS. 13B1 and 13B2 are respectively a cross-sectional view and a top view of a source wiring terminal portion which is different from that illustrated in FIG. 11C. Moreover, FIG. 13B1 corresponds to a cross-sectional view taken along F1-F2 of FIG. 13B2. In FIG. 13B1, the transparent conductive film 155 formed over the protective insulating layer 154 is a connection terminal electrode serving as an input terminal. Furthermore, in the terminal portion of FIG. 13B1, an electrode layer 156 formed from the same material as the gate wiring is located below and overlapped with a second terminal 150, which is electrically connected to the source wiring, with the gate insulating layer 102 interposed therebetween. The electrode layer 156 is not electrically connected to the second terminal 150, and a capacitor to prevent noise or static electricity can be formed if the potential of the electrode layer 156 is set to a potential different from that of the second terminal 150, such as floating, GND, or 0 V. The second terminal 150 is electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 155 through an opening portion of the protective insulating layer 154.

A plurality of gate wirings, source wirings, and capacitor wirings are provided depending on the pixel density. Also in the terminal portion, the first terminal at the same potential as the gate wiring, the second terminal at the same potential as the source wiring, the third terminal at the same potential as the capacitor wiring, and the like are each arranged in plurality. The number of each of the terminals may be any number, and the number of the terminals may be determined by a practitioner as appropriate.

Through the five photolithography steps described above, the storage capacitor and a pixel thin film transistor portion including the bottom-gate staggered thin film transistor 170 can be completed using the five photomasks. Then, they are arranged in a matrix corresponding to pixels so that a pixel portion is formed; thus, one substrate for manufacturing an active matrix display device can be formed. In this specification, such a substrate is referred to as an active matrix substrate for convenience.

In the case of manufacturing an active matrix liquid crystal display device, an active matrix substrate and a counter substrate provided with a counter electrode are bonded together with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. Note that a common electrode electrically connected to the counter electrode of the counter substrate is provided over the active matrix substrate, and a fourth terminal electrically connected to the common electrode is provided in the terminal portion. The fourth terminal is provided so that the common electrode is set to a fixed potential such as GND or 0 V.

In addition, a pixel electrode may overlap with a gate wiring of an adjacent pixel with the protective insulating layer and the gate insulating layer interposed therebetween to form a storage capacitor without a capacitor wiring.

In an active matrix liquid crystal display device, pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix are driven to form a display pattern on a screen. Specifically, voltage is applied between a selected pixel electrode and a counter electrode corresponding to the pixel electrode, so that a liquid crystal layer provided between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is optically modulated and this optical modulation is recognized as a display pattern by an observer.

In displaying moving images, a liquid crystal display device has a problem that a long response time of liquid crystal molecules themselves causes afterimages or blurring of moving images. In order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving method called black insertion is employed in which black is displayed on the whole screen in each frame period.

Alternatively, a driving method called double-frame rate driving may be employed in which a vertical synchronizing frequency is 1.5 times or 2 times or more as high as a usual vertical synchronizing frequency to improve the moving-image characteristics.

Further alternatively, in order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving method may be employed, in which a plurality of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) or a plurality of EL light sources are used to form a surface light source as a backlight, and each light source of the surface light source is independently driven in a pulsed manner in one frame period. As the surface light source, three or more kinds of LEDs may be used and an LED emitting white light may be used. Since a plurality of LEDs can be controlled independently, the light emission timing of LEDs can be synchronized with the timing at which a liquid crystal layer is optically modulated. According to this driving method, LEDs can be partly turned off; therefore, an effect of reducing power consumption can be obtained particularly in the case of displaying an image having a large part on which black is displayed.

By combining these driving methods, the display characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, such as moving-image characteristics, can be improved as compared to those of conventional liquid crystal display devices.

The n-channel transistor disclosed in this specification includes an oxide semiconductor film which is used for a channel formation region and has excellent dynamic characteristics; thus, it can be combined with these driving methods.

In manufacturing a light-emitting display device, one electrode (also referred to as a cathode) of an organic light-emitting element is set to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V; thus, a terminal portion is provided with a fourth terminal for setting the cathode to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V. Also in manufacturing a light-emitting display device, a power supply line is provided in addition to a source wiring and a gate wiring. Accordingly, the terminal portion is provided with a fifth terminal electrically connected to the power supply line.

Use of an oxide semiconductor for a thin film transistor leads to reduction in manufacturing cost. In particular, since impurities such as moisture or the like are reduced to increase purity of an oxide semiconductor film by heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, a semiconductor device including a highly reliable thin film transistor with excellent electric characteristics can be manufactured without using a special sputtering apparatus in which the dew point of a deposition chamber is lowered or an ultra-high purity metal oxide target.

The channel formation region in the oxide semiconductor layer is a highly-resistant region; thus, electric characteristics of the thin film transistor are stabilized and increase in off current can be prevented. Thus, a semiconductor device including a highly reliable thin film transistor having excellent electric characteristics can be provided.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 4

A display device which is one example of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention will be described below. In the display device, at least a part of a driver circuit and a thin film transistor to be disposed in a pixel portion are formed over one substrate.

The thin film transistor in the pixel portion is formed in accordance with any one of Embodiments 1 to 3. The thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT; therefore, part of a driver circuit which can be formed using an n-channel TFT is formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor of the pixel portion.

FIG. 19A is an example of a block diagram of an active matrix liquid crystal display device which is an example of semiconductor devices. The display device illustrated in FIG. 19A includes, over a substrate 5300, a pixel portion 5301 including a plurality of pixels that are each provided with a display element; a scan line driver circuit 5302 that selects a pixel; and a signal line driver circuit 5303 that controls a video signal input to the selected pixel.

In addition, the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT, and a signal line driver circuit including the n-channel TFT is described with reference to FIG. 20.

The signal line driver circuit in FIG. 20 includes a driver IC 5601, switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, a first wiring 5611, a second wiring 5612, a third wiring 5613, and wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M includes a first thin film transistor 5603 a, a second thin film transistor 5603 b, and a third thin film transistor 5603 c.

The driver IC 5601 is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M are connected to the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, respectively. Each of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M is connected to three signal lines via the first thin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor 5603 c. For example, the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column (one of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M) is connected to a signal line Sj−1, a signal line Sj, and a signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor 5603 c which are included in the switch group 5602_J.

A signal is input to each of the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613.

Note that the driver IC 5601 is preferably formed over a single crystalline substrate. Further, the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably formed over the same substrate as the pixel portion is. Therefore, the driver IC 5601 and the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably connected through an FPC or the like.

Next, the operation of the signal line driver circuit illustrated in FIG. 20 is described with reference to a timing chart of FIG. 21. FIG. 21 is the timing chart when a scan line Gi in the i-th row is selected. A selection period of the scan line Gi of the i-th row is divided into a first sub-selection period T1, a second sub-selection period T2, and a third sub-selection period T3. In addition, the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 20 operates similarly to that in FIG. 21 even when a scan line of another row is selected.

Note that the timing chart in FIG. 21 shows a case where the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column is connected to the signal line Sj−1, the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor 5603 c.

The timing chart in FIG. 21 shows timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5703 a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603 a, timing 5703 b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603 b, timing 5703 c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603 c, and a signal 5721_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column.

In the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3, different video signals are input to the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. For example, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1 is input to the signal line Sj−1, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the second sub-selection period T2 is input to the signal line Sj, and a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the third sub-selection period T3 is input to the signal line Sj+1. In addition, the video signals input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 are denoted by Data_j−1, Data_j, and Data_j+1.

As illustrated in FIG. 21, in the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603 a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603 b and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603 b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the second thin film transistor 5603 b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603 c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and the second thin film transistor 5603 b are turned off. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603 c.

As described above, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 20, by dividing one gate selection period into three, video signals can be input to three signal lines from one wiring 5621 in one gate selection period. Therefore, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 20, the number of connections of the substrate provided with the driver IC 5601 and the substrate provided with the pixel portion can be approximately ⅓ of the number of signal lines. The number of connections is reduced to approximately ⅓ of the number of the signal lines, so that reliability, yield, etc., of the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 20 can be improved.

Note that there are no particular limitations on the arrangement, the number, a driving method, and the like of the thin film transistors, as long as one gate selection period can be divided into a plurality of sub-selection periods and video signals can be input to a plurality of signal lines from one wiring in the respective sub-selection periods as illustrated in FIG. 20.

For example, when video signals are input to three or more signal lines from one wiring in three or more sub-selection periods, it is only necessary to add a thin film transistor and a wiring for controlling the thin film transistor. Note that when one gate selection period is divided into four or more sub-selection periods, one sub-selection period becomes shorter. Therefore, one selection period is preferably divided into two or three sub-selection periods.

As another example, one selection period may be divided into a precharge period Tp, the first sub-selection period Ti, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 as illustrated in a timing chart in FIG. 22. The timing chart in FIG. 22 shows timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5803 a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603 a, timing 5803 b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603 b, timing 5803 c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603 c, and a signal 5821_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column. As illustrated in FIG. 22, the first thin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are tuned on in the precharge period Tp. At this time, precharge voltage Vp input to the wiring 5621_J is input to each of the signal line Sj−1, the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a, the second thin film transistor 5603 b, and the third thin film transistor 5603 c. In the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603 a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603 b and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603 a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603 b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and the third thin film transistor 5603 c are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the second thin film transistor 5603 b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603 c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603 a and the second thin film transistor 5603 b are turned off. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603 c.

As described above, in the signal-line driver circuit of FIG. 20, to which the timing chart of FIG. 22 is applied, a signal line can be pre-charged by providing a pre-charge selection period before sub-selection periods. Thus, a video signal can be written to a pixel at a high speed. Note that portions in FIG. 22 which are similar to those in FIG. 21 are denoted by common reference numerals and detailed description of the same portions and portions having similar functions is omitted.

Further, a structure of a scan line driver circuit is described. The scan line driver circuit includes a shift register. Additionally, the scan line driver circuit may include a level shifter, a buffer, and the like in some cases. In the scan line driver circuit, when the clock signal (CLK) and the start pulse signal (SP) are input to the shift register, a selection signal is generated. The generated selection signal is buffered and amplified by the buffer, and the resulting signal is supplied to a corresponding scan line. Gate electrodes of transistors in pixels of one line are connected to the scan line. Since the transistors in the pixels of one line have to be turned on all at once, a buffer which can supply a large current is used.

One mode of a shift register which is used for a part of a scan line driver circuit is described with reference to FIG. 23 and FIG. 24.

FIG. 23 illustrates a circuit configuration of the shift register. The shift register illustrated in FIG. 23 includes a plurality of flip-flops: flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701 _(—) n. The shift register is operated with input of a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a start pulse signal, and a reset signal.

Connection relations of the shift register in FIG. 23 are described. In the i-th stage flip-flop 5701 _(—) i (any one of the flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701 _(—) n) in the shift register of FIG. 23, a first wiring 5501 illustrated in FIG. 24 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717 _(—) i−1; a second wiring 5502 illustrated in FIG. 24, a seventh wiring 5717 _(—) i+1; a third wiring 5503 illustrated in FIG. 24, a seventh wiring 5717 _(—) i; and a sixth wiring 5506 illustrated in FIG. 24, a fifth wiring 5715.

Further, a fourth wiring 5504 illustrated in FIG. 24 is connected to a second wiring 5712 in flip-flops of odd-numbered stages, and is connected to a third wiring 5713 in flip-flops of even-numbered stages. A fifth wiring 5505 illustrated in FIG. 24 is connected to a fourth wiring 5714.

Note that the first wiring 5501 shown in FIG. 24 of the flip-flop 5701_1 of a first stage is connected to a first wiring 5711, and the second wiring 5502 shown in FIG. 24 of the flip-flop 5701 _(—) n of an n-th stage is connected to a sixth wiring 5716.

Note that the first wiring 5711, the second wiring 5712, the third wiring 5713, and the sixth wiring 5716 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. The fourth wiring 5714 and the fifth wiring 5715 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.

Next, FIG. 24 illustrates details of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 23. The flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 24 includes a first thin film transistor 5571, a second thin film transistor 5572, a third thin film transistor 5573, a fourth thin film transistor 5574, a fifth thin film transistor 5575, a sixth thin film transistor 5576, a seventh thin film transistor 5577, and an eighth thin film transistor 5578. Each of the first thin film transistor 5571, the second thin film transistor 5572, the third thin film transistor 5573, the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the sixth thin film transistor 5576, the seventh thin film transistor 5577, and the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is an n-channel transistor and is turned on when the gate-source voltage (V_(gs)) exceeds the threshold voltage (V_(th)).

Next, connections of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 23 are described below.

A first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the fourth wiring 5504. A second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the third wiring 5503.

A first electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the third wiring 5503.

A first electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505, and a second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to a gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505.

A first electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to a gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to a gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571.

A first electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505. A second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the first wiring 5501.

A first electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572.

A first electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the second wiring 5502. A first electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the first wiring 5501.

Note that the points at which the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571, the gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 are connected are each referred to as a node 5543. The points at which the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572, the second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573, the second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 are connected are each referred to as a node 5544.

Note that the first wiring 5501, the second wiring 5502, the third wiring 5503, and the fourth wiring 5504 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. The fifth wiring 5505 and the sixth wiring 5506 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.

Moreover, the signal-line driver circuit and the scanning-line driver circuit can be manufactured using only the n-channel TFTs described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3. The n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 has a high mobility, and thus a driving frequency of a driver circuit can be made high. Further, in the case of the n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3, since parasitic capacitance is reduced, frequency characteristics (also referred to as f characteristics) are excellent. For example, a scan line driver circuit using the n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can operate at high speed, and thus a frame frequency can be increased and insertion of black images and the like can be realized.

In addition, when the channel width of the transistor in the scan line driver circuit is increased or a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, for example, higher frame frequency can be realized. When a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of even-numbered rows is provided on one side and a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of odd-numbered rows is provided on the opposite side; thus, an increase in frame frequency can be realized. Furthermore, the use of the plurality of scan line driver circuits for output of signals to the same scan line is advantageous in increasing the size of a display device.

Further, when an active matrix light-emitting display device which is an example of a semiconductor device is manufactured, a plurality of thin film transistors are arranged in at least one pixel, and it is preferable to provide a plurality of scan line driver circuits. FIG. 19B is an example of a block diagram of an active matrix light-emitting display device.

The light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 19B includes, over a substrate 5400, a pixel portion 5401 including a plurality of pixels each provided with a display element; a first scan line driver circuit 5402 and a second scan line driver circuit 5404, one of which input a signal in a scan line in contact with a given pixel; and a signal line driver circuit 5403 that controls a video signal input to a signal line in contact with the given pixel.

In the case of inputting a digital video signal to the pixel of the light-emitting display device of FIG. 19B, the pixel is put in a light-emitting state or non-light-emitting state by switching on/off of the transistor of the pixel. Thus, grayscale can be displayed using an area grayscale method or a time grayscale method. An area grayscale method refers to a driving method in which one pixel is divided into a plurality of subpixels and the respective subpixels are driven independently based on video signals so that grayscale is displayed. Further, a time grayscale method refers to a driving method in which a period during which a pixel emits light is controlled so that grayscale is displayed.

Since the response speed of a light-emitting element is higher than that of a liquid crystal element or the like, the light-emitting element is more suitable for a time grayscale method than the liquid crystal element. Specifically, in the case of displaying with a time grayscale method, one frame period is divided into a plurality of subframe periods. Then, in accordance with video signals, the light-emitting element in the pixel is brought into a light-emitting state or a non-light-emitting state in each subframe period. By dividing one frame period into a plurality of subframe periods, the total length of time, in which a pixel actually emits light in one frame period, can be controlled by video signals so that grayscale can be displayed.

Note that in the light-emitting display device shown in FIG. 19B, in the case where one pixel includes two switching TFTs, a signal which is inputted to a first scanning line serving as a gate wiring of one of the switching TFTs is generated from the first scanning-line driver circuit 5402 and a signal which is inputted to a second scanning line serving as a gate wiring of the other of the switching TFTs is generated from the second scanning-line driver circuit 5404. However, the signal which is inputted to the first scanning line and the signal which is inputted to the second scanning line may be generated together from one scanning-line driver circuit. In addition, for example, there is a possibility that a plurality of scan lines used for controlling the operation of the switching element are provided in each pixel, depending on the number of the switching TFTs included in one pixel. In this case, one scan line driver circuit may generate all signals that are input to the plurality of scan lines, or a plurality of scan line driver circuits may generate signals that are input to the plurality of scan lines.

Also in the light-emitting display device, a part of a driver circuit that can include n-channel TFTs among driver circuits can be formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistors of the pixel portion. Moreover, the signal-line driver circuit and the scanning-line driver circuit can be manufactured using only the n-channel TFTs described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3.

Moreover, the above-described driver circuit can be used for an electronic paper that drives electronic ink using an element electrically connected to a switching element, without being limited to applications to a liquid crystal display device or a light-emitting display device. The electronic paper is also referred to as an electrophoretic display device (an electrophoretic display) and is advantageous in that it has the same level of readability as plain paper, it has lower power consumption than other display devices, and it can be made thin and lightweight.

Electrophoretic displays can have various modes. However, electrophoretic displays contain a plurality of microcapsules dispersed in a solvent or a solute, each microcapsule containing first particles which are positively charged and second particles which are negatively charged. By applying an electric field to the microcapsules, the particles in the microcapsules move in directions opposite to each other and only the color of the particles gathering on one side is displayed. Note that the first particles and the second particles each contain pigment and do not move without an electric field. Moreover, the first particles and the second particles have different colors (which may be colorless).

Thus, an electrophoretic display is a display that utilizes a so-called dielectrophoretic effect by which a substance having a high dielectric constant moves to a high-electric field region. An electrophoretic display does not need to use a polarizer substrate, which is required in a liquid crystal display device; therefore, the weight of the electrophoretic display device is reduced.

A solution in which the above microcapsules are dispersed in a solvent is referred to as electronic ink. This electronic ink can be printed on a surface of glass, plastic, cloth, paper, or the like. Furthermore, by using a color filter or particles that have a pigment, color display can also be achieved.

In addition, if a plurality of the above microcapsules are arranged as appropriate over an active matrix substrate so as to be interposed between two electrodes, an active matrix display device can be completed, and display can be performed by application of an electric field to the microcapsules. For example, the active matrix substrate obtained using the thin film transistor of any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be used.

Note that the first particles and the second particles in the microcapsules may each be formed of a single material selected from a conductive material, an insulating material, a semiconductor material, a magnetic material, a liquid crystal material, a ferroelectric material, an electroluminescent material, an electrochromic material, and a magnetophoretic material, or formed of a composite material of any of these.

Through the above process, a highly reliable display device as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 5

A thin film transistor is manufactured, and a semiconductor device having a display function (also referred to as a display device) can be manufactured using the thin film transistor in a pixel portion and further in a driver circuit. Further, part or whole of a driver circuit can be formed over the same substrate as a pixel portion, using a thin film transistor, whereby a system-on-panel can be obtained.

The display device includes a display element. As the display element, a liquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal display element) or a light-emitting element (also referred to as a light-emitting display element) can be used. The light-emitting element includes, in its category, an element whose luminance is controlled by a current or a voltage, and specifically includes, in its category, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) element, an organic EL element, and the like. Furthermore, a display medium whose contrast is changed by an electric effect, such as electronic ink, can be used.

In addition, the display device includes a panel in which the display element is sealed, and a module in which an IC including a controller or the like is mounted on the panel. Furthermore, an element substrate, which corresponds to one embodiment used in a manufacturing process of the display device, is provided with a means for supplying current to the display element in each of a plurality of pixels. Specifically, the element substrate may be in a state in which only a pixel electrode of the display element is provided, a state after formation of a conductive film to be a pixel electrode and before etching of the conductive film to form the pixel electrode, or any other states.

Note that a display device in this specification means an image display device, a display device, or a light source (including a lighting device). Further, the “display device” includes the following modules in its category: a module including a connector such as a flexible printed circuit (FPC), a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) attached; a module having a TAB tape or a TCP which is provided with a printed wiring board at the end thereof; and a module having an integrated circuit (IC) which is directly mounted on a display element by a chip on glass (COG) method.

The appearance and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel, which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device, will be described with reference to FIGS. 15A1, 15A2, and 15B. FIGS. 15A1 and 15A2 are each a plan view of a panel in which highly reliable thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 each including the oxide semiconductor layer described in Embodiment 3, and a liquid crystal element 4013 are sealed between a first substrate 4001 and a second substrate 4006 with a sealant 4005. FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view taken along line M-N in FIGS. 15A1 and 15A2.

The sealant 4005 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4002 and a scan line driver circuit 4004 which are provided over the first substrate 4001. The second substrate 4006 is provided over the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004. Therefore, the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 are sealed together with a liquid crystal layer 4008, by the first substrate 4001, the sealant 4005, and the second substrate 4006. Moreover, a signal line driver circuit 4003, which is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate prepared separately, is provided in a region different from the region surrounded by the sealant 4005 over the first substrate 4001.

Note that the connection method of a driver circuit which is separately formed is not particularly limited, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, a TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG. 15A1 illustrates an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 is mounted by a COG method and FIG. 15A2 illustrates an example in which signal line driver circuit 4003 is mounted by a TAB method.

Further, the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 provided over the first substrate 4001 each include a plurality of thin film transistors. FIG. 15B illustrates the thin film transistor 4010 included in the pixel portion 4002 and the thin film transistor 4011 included in the scan line driver circuit 4004. Over the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011, insulating layers 4020 and 4021 are provided.

Any of the highly reliable thin film transistors including the oxide semiconductor layer which is described in Embodiment 3 can be used as the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011. Alternatively, the thin film transistors described in Embodiment 1 or 2 may be employed. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 are n-channel thin film transistors.

A pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013 is electrically connected to the thin film transistor 4010. A counter electrode layer 4031 of the liquid crystal element 4013 is provided for the second substrate 4006. A portion where the pixel electrode layer 4030, the counter electrode layer 4031, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 overlap with one another corresponds to the liquid crystal element 4013. Note that the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 are provided with an insulating layer 4032 and an insulating layer 4033 respectively which each function as an alignment film, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 is sandwiched between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 with the insulating layers 4032 and 4033 therebetween.

Note that the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006 can be formed of glass, metal (typically, stainless steel), ceramic, or plastic. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, a polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resin film can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which an aluminum foil is sandwiched between PVF films or polyester films can be used.

A spacer 4035 is a columnar spacer obtained by selective etching of an insulating film and provided in order to control the distance (a cell gap) between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. Alternatively, a spherical spacer may also be used. In addition, the counter electrode layer 4031 is electrically connected to a common potential line formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor 4010. With use of the common connection portion, the counter electrode layer 4031 and the common potential line can be electrically connected to each other by conductive particles arranged between a pair of substrates. Note that the conductive particles are included in the sealant 4005.

Alternatively, liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase for which an alignment film is unnecessary may be used. A blue phase is a liquid crystal phase generated just before a cholesteric phase changes into an isotropic phase while temperature of cholesteric liquid crystal is increased. Since the blue phase is generated within an only narrow range of temperature, liquid crystal composition containing a chiral agent at 5 wt % or more so as to improve the temperature range is used for the liquid crystal layer 4008. The liquid crystal composition which includes a liquid crystal showing a blue phase and a chiral agent has a short response time of 1 msec or less, and has optical isotropy, which makes the alignment process unneeded and allows a small viewing angle dependence.

An embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a reflective liquid crystal display device or a semi-transmissive liquid crystal display device, in addition to a transmissive liquid crystal display device.

An example of the liquid crystal display device is described in which a polarizing plate is provided on the outer surface of the substrate (on the viewer side) and a coloring layer and an electrode layer used for a display element are provided on the inner surface of the substrate; however, the polarizing plate may be provided on the inner surface of the substrate. The stacked structure of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer is not limited to this embodiment and may be set as appropriate depending on materials of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer or conditions of manufacturing process. Further, a light-blocking film serving as a black matrix may be provided.

In order to reduce surface unevenness of the thin film transistor and to improve reliability of the thin film transistor, the thin film transistor obtained in any of the above embodiments is covered with the insulating layers (the insulating layer 4020 and the insulating layer 4021) functioning as a protective film or a planarizing insulating film. Note that the protective film is provided to prevent entry of contaminant impurities such as organic substance, metal, or moisture existing in air and is preferably a dense film. The protective film may be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer of any of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, and an aluminum nitride oxide film with a sputtering method. Although an example in which the protective film is formed by a sputtering method is described in this embodiment, an embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this method and a variety of methods may be employed.

In this embodiment, the insulating layer 4020 having a stacked-layer structure is formed as a protective film. Here, a silicon oxide film is formed by a sputtering method, as a first layer of the insulating layer 4020. The use of a silicon oxide film as a protective film has an effect of preventing hillock of an aluminum film which is used as the source and drain electrode layers.

As a second layer of the protective film, an insulating layer is formed. Here, a silicon nitride film is formed by a sputtering method, as a second layer of the insulating layer 4020. The use of the silicon nitride film as the protective film can prevent mobile ions of sodium or the like from entering a semiconductor region so that variation in electrical characteristics of the TFT can be suppressed.

Further, heat treatment (at 300° C. or lower) may be performed under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere after formation of the protective film.

The insulating layer 4021 is formed as the planarizing insulating film. As the insulating layer 4021, an organic material having heat resistance such as polyimide, acrylic, benzocyclobutene, polyamide, or epoxy can be used. Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (a low-k material), a siloxane-based resin, PSG (phosphosilicate glass), BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass), or the like. Note that the insulating layer 4021 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed of these materials.

Note that the siloxane-based resin corresponds to a resin including a Si—O—Si bond formed using a siloxane-based material as a starting material. The siloxane-based resin may include as a substituent an organic group (e.g., an alkyl group or an aryl group) or a fluoro group. In addition, the organic group may include a fluoro group.

A formation method of the insulating layer 4021 is not particularly limited, and the following method can be employed depending on the material: a sputtering method, an SOG method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, a spray coating method, a droplet discharge method (e.g., an ink jet method, screen printing, offset printing, or the like), a doctor knife, a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knife coater, or the like. When the baking of the insulating layer 4021 and the annealing of the oxide semiconductor layer are performed at the same time, a semiconductor device can be manufactured efficiently.

The pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or the like.

Conductive compositions including a conductive molecule of high molecular weight (also referred to as a conductive polymer) can be used for the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. The pixel electrode formed using the conductive composition preferably has a sheet resistance of lower than or equal to 10000 ohms per square and a transmittance of greater than or equal to 70% at a wavelength of 550 nm. Further, the resistivity of the conductive molecule of high molecular weight included in the conductive composition is preferably lower than or equal to 0.1 Ω·cm.

As the conductive molecule of high molecular weight, a so-called π-electron conjugated conductive polymer can be used. For example, polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof, a copolymer of two or more kinds of them, and the like can be given.

Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuit 4003 which is formed separately, the scan line driver circuit 4004, or the pixel portion 4002 from an FPC 4018.

A connecting terminal electrode 4015 is formed using the same conductive film as the pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013. A terminal electrode 4016 is formed using the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layers included in the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.

The connection terminal electrode 4015 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4018 via an anisotropic conductive film 4019.

Note that FIGS. 15A1, 15A2, and 15B illustrate an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 is formed separately and mounted on the first substrate 4001; however, the present invention is not limited to this structure. The scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or only part of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted.

FIG. 25 shows an example in which a liquid crystal display module is formed as a semiconductor device using a TFT substrate 2600 which is manufactured according to the manufacturing method disclosed in this specification.

FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a liquid crystal display module, in which the TFT substrate 2600 and a counter substrate 2601 are fixed to each other with a sealant 2602, and a pixel portion 2603 including a TFT or the like, a display element 2604 including a liquid crystal layer, and a coloring layer 2605 are provided between the substrates to form a display region. The coloring layer 2605 is necessary to perform color display. In the RGB system, respective coloring layers corresponding to colors of red, green, and blue are provided for respective pixels. Polarizing plates 2606 and 2607 and a diffusion plate 2613 are provided outside the TFT substrate 2600 and the counter substrate 2601. A light source includes a cold cathode tube 2610 and a reflective plate 2611, and a circuit substrate 2612 is connected to a wiring circuit portion 2608 of the TFT substrate 2600 by a flexible wiring board 2609 and includes an external circuit such as a control circuit or a power source circuit. The polarizing plate and the liquid crystal layer may be stacked with a retardation plate therebetween.

The liquid crystal display module can employ a TN (Twisted Nematic) mode, an IPS (In-Plane-Switching) mode, an FFS (Fringe Field Switching) mode, an MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) mode, a PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment) mode, an ASM (Axially Symmetric aligned Micro-cell) mode, an OCB (Optical Compensated Birefringence) mode, an FLC (Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal) mode, an AFLC (Anti Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal) mode, or the like.

Through the above process, a highly reliable liquid crystal display panel as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 6

An example of electronic paper will be described as a semiconductor device.

The thin film transistor described in any of Embodiment 1 to 3 may be used for electronic paper in which electronic ink is driven by an element electrically connected to a switching element. The electronic paper is also called an electrophoretic display device (electrophoretic display) and has advantages in that it has the same level of readability as regular paper, it has less power consumption than other display devices, and it is thin and light.

Electrophoretic displays can have various modes. Electrophoretic displays contain a plurality of microcapsules dispersed in a solvent or a solute, each microcapsule containing first particles which are positively charged and second particles which are negatively charged. By applying an electric field to the microcapsules, the particles in the microcapsules are moved in opposite directions to each other and only the color of the particles concentrated on one side is exhibited. Note that the first particles and the second particles each contain pigment and do not move without an electric field. Moreover, the first particles and the second particles have different colors (which may be colorless).

Thus, an electrophoretic display is a display that utilizes a so-called dielectrophoretic effect by which a substance having a high dielectric constant moves to a high-electric field region.

A solution in which the above microcapsules are dispersed in a solvent is referred to as electronic ink. This electronic ink can be printed on a surface of glass, plastic, cloth, paper, or the like. Furthermore, by using a color filter or particles that have a pigment, color display can also be achieved.

In addition, if a plurality of the aforementioned microcapsules are arranged as appropriate over an active matrix substrate so as to be interposed between two electrodes, an active matrix display device can be completed, and display can be performed by application of an electric field to the microcapsules. For example, the active matrix substrate obtained using the thin film transistor of any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be used.

Note that the first particles and the second particles in the microcapsules may each be formed of a single material selected from a conductive material, an insulating material, a semiconductor material, a magnetic material, a liquid crystal material, a ferroelectric material, an electroluminescent material, an electrochromic material, and a magnetophoretic material, or formed of a composite material of any of these.

FIG. 14 illustrates active matrix electronic paper as an example of the semiconductor device. A thin film transistor 581 used for the semiconductor device can be formed in a manner similar to the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1, which is a highly reliable thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer. The thin film transistor described in Embodiment 2 or Embodiment 3 can also be used as the thin film transistor 581 of this embodiment.

The electronic paper in FIG. 14 is an example of a display device using a twisting ball display system. The twisting ball display system refers to a method in which spherical particles each colored in black and white are arranged between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer, and a potential difference is generated between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer to control orientation of the spherical particles, so that display is performed.

The thin film transistor 581 is a bottom gate thin film transistor and is covered with an insulating film 583 which is in contact with an oxide semiconductor layer. A source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer of the thin film transistor 581 is in contact with a first electrode layer 587 in an opening portion formed in an insulating layer 585, whereby the thin film transistor 581 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 587. Between the first electrode layer 587 and a second electrode layer 588, spherical particles 589 are provided. Each spherical particle 589 includes a black region 590 a and a white region 590 b, and a cavity 594 filled with liquid around the black region 590 a and the white region 590 b. The spherical particles 589 are surrounded by filler 595 such as a resin. The first electrode layer 587 corresponds to a pixel electrode, and the second electrode layer 588 corresponds to a common electrode. The second electrode layer 588 is electrically connected to a common potential line provided over the same substrate 580 as the thin film transistor 581. With the use of a common connection portion, the second electrode layer 588 can be electrically connected to the common potential line via conductive particles provided between the substrates 580 and a substrate 596.

Further, instead of the twisting ball, an electrophoretic element can also be used. A microcapsule having a diameter of about 10 μm to 200 μm in which transparent liquid, positively charged white microparticles, and negatively charged black microparticles are encapsulated, is used. In the microcapsule which is provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, when an electric field is applied by the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the white microparticles and the black microparticles move to opposite sides, so that white or black can be displayed. For this reason, an electrophoretic display device is usually designated as “electronic paper”. The electrophoretic display element has higher reflectance than a liquid crystal display element, and thus, an auxiliary light is unnecessary, power consumption is low, and a display portion can be recognized in a dim place. Further, even when power is not supplied to the display portion, an image which has been displayed once can be maintained. Accordingly, a displayed image can be stored even if a semiconductor device having a display function (which may simply be referred to as a display device or a semiconductor device provided with a display device) is distanced from an electric power source.

Through this process, a highly reliable electronic paper as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 7

An example of a light-emitting display device will be described as a semiconductor device. As a display element included in a display device, a light-emitting element utilizing electroluminescence is described here. Light-emitting elements utilizing electroluminescence are classified according to whether a light-emitting material is an organic compound or an inorganic compound. In general, the former is referred to as an organic EL element, and the latter is referred to as an inorganic EL element.

In an organic EL element, by application of voltage to a light-emitting element, electrons and holes are separately injected from a pair of electrodes into a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound, and current flows. The carriers (electrons and holes) are recombined, and thus, the light-emitting organic compound is excited. The light-emitting organic compound returns to a ground state from the excited state, thereby emitting light. Owing to such a mechanism, this light-emitting element is referred to as a current-excitation light-emitting element.

The inorganic EL elements are classified according to their element structures into a dispersion-type inorganic EL element and a thin-film inorganic EL element. A dispersion-type inorganic EL element has a light-emitting layer where particles of a light-emitting material are dispersed in a binder, and its light emission mechanism is donor-acceptor recombination type light emission that utilizes a donor level and an acceptor level. A thin-film inorganic EL element has a structure where a light-emitting layer is sandwiched between dielectric layers, which are further sandwiched between electrodes, and its light emission mechanism is localized type light emission that utilizes inner-shell electron transition of metal ions. Note that an example of an organic EL element as a light-emitting element is described here.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a pixel structure to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied, as an example of a semiconductor device to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied.

A structure and operation of a pixel to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied are described. Here, one pixel includes two n-channel transistors each of which includes an oxide semiconductor layer as a channel formation region.

A pixel 6400 includes a switching transistor 6401, a driver transistor 6402, a light-emitting element 6404, and a capacitor 6403. A gate of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a scan line 6406, a first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a signal line 6405, and a second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a gate of the driver transistor 6402. The gate of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to a power supply line 6407 via the capacitor 6403, a first electrode of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to the power supply line 6407, and a second electrode of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to a first electrode (pixel electrode) of the light-emitting element 6404. A second electrode of the light-emitting element 6404 corresponds to a common electrode 6408. The common electrode 6408 is electrically connected to a common potential line provided over the same substrate.

The second electrode (common electrode 6408) of the light-emitting element 6404 is set to a low power supply potential. Note that the low power supply potential is a potential satisfying the low power supply potential<a high power supply potential with reference to the high power supply potential that is set to the power supply line 6407. As the low power supply potential, GND, 0 V, or the like may be employed, for example. A potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is applied to the light-emitting element 6404 and current is supplied to the light-emitting element 6404, so that the light-emitting element 6404 emits light. Here, in order to make the light-emitting element 6404 emit light, each potential is set so that the potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is a forward threshold voltage or higher of the light-emitting element 6404.

Note that gate capacitor of the driver transistor 6402 may be used as a substitute for the capacitor 6403, so that the capacitor 6403 can be omitted. The gate capacitor of the driver transistor 6402 may be formed between the channel region and the gate electrode.

In the case of a voltage-input voltage driving method, a video signal is input to the gate of the driver transistor 6402 so that the driver transistor 6402 is in either of two states of being sufficiently turned on or turned off. That is, the driver transistor 6402 operates in a linear region. Since the driver transistor 6402 operates in the linear region, a voltage higher than the voltage of the power supply line 6407 is applied to the gate of the driver transistor 6402. Note that a voltage higher than or equal to (voltage of the power supply line+Vth of the driver transistor 6402) is applied to the signal line 6405.

In a case of performing analog grayscale driving instead of digital time grayscale driving, the same pixel structure as that in FIG. 17 can be used by changing signal input.

In the case of performing analog grayscale driving, a voltage higher than or equal to (forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404+Vth of the driver transistor 6402) is applied to the gate of the driver transistor 6402. The forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404 indicates a voltage at which a desired luminance is obtained, and includes at least forward threshold voltage. The video signal by which the driver transistor 6402 operates in a saturation region is input, so that current can be supplied to the light-emitting element 6404. In order for the driver transistor 6402 to operate in the saturation region, the potential of the power supply line 6407 is set higher than the gate potential of the driver transistor 6402. When an analog video signal is used, it is possible to feed current to the light-emitting element 6404 in accordance with the video signal and perform analog grayscale driving.

Note that the pixel structure illustrated in FIG. 17 is not limited thereto. For example, a switch, a resistor, a capacitor, a transistor, a logic circuit, or the like may be added to the pixel illustrated in FIG. 17.

Next, structures of the light-emitting element will be described with reference to FIGS. 18A to 18C. Here, a cross-sectional structure of a pixel in the case of an n-channel driving TFT is described as an example. Driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021 used in semiconductor devices illustrated in FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C, respectively, can be formed in a manner similar to that of the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 and are highly reliable thin film transistors each including an oxide semiconductor layer. Alternatively, the thin film transistors described in Embodiment 2 or 3 can be used as the driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021.

In order to extract light emission of the light-emitting element, at least one of an anode and a cathode may be transparent. A thin film transistor and a light-emitting element are formed over a substrate. A thin film transistor and a light-emitting element are formed over a substrate. A light-emitting element can have a top emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate; a bottom emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface on the substrate side; or a dual emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate and the surface on the substrate side. The pixel structure can be applied to a light-emitting element having any of these emission structures.

A light-emitting element having a top emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 18A.

FIG. 18A is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the TFT 7001, which is the driving TFT, is an n-channel TFT and light emitted from a light-emitting element 7002 passes through an anode 7005. In FIG. 18A, a cathode 7003 of the light-emitting element 7002 is electrically connected to the TFT 7001 serving as a driver TFT, and a light-emitting layer 7004 and the anode 7005 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7003. The cathode 7003 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function and reflect light. For example, Ca, Al, MgAg, AlLi, or the like is desirably used. The light-emitting layer 7004 may be formed using a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. In the case of using a plurality of layers, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole transport layer, and a hole injection layer are stacked in this order over the cathode 7003. It is not necessary to form all of these layers. The anode 7005 is formed using a light-transmitting conductive film such as a film of indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added.

The light-emitting element 7002 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7004 is sandwiched between the cathode 7003 and the anode 7005. In the case of a pixel shown in FIG. 18A, light which is emitted from the light emitting element 7002 is emitted to the anode 7005 side as indicated by an arrow.

Next, a light-emitting element having a bottom emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 18B. FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in a case where a driving TFT 7011 is an n-channel TFT, and light generated in a light-emitting element 7012 is emitted to pass through a cathode 7013. In FIG. 18B, the cathode 7013 of the light-emitting element 7012 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7017 that is electrically connected to the driver TFT 7011, and a light-emitting layer 7014 and an anode 7015 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7013. A light-blocking film 7016 for reflecting or blocking light may be formed to cover the anode 7015 when the anode 7015 has a light-transmitting property. For the cathode 7013, various materials can be used as in the case of FIG. 18A as long as the cathode 7013 is a conductive material having a low work function. The cathode 7013 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light (preferably, approximately 5 nm to 30 nm). For example, an aluminum film with a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7013. Similar to the case of FIG. 18A, the light-emitting layer 7014 may be formed using either a single layer or a stacked layer of a plurality of layers. The anode 7015 is not required to transmit light, but can be formed using a conductive material having a light-transmitting property with respect to visible light as in the case of FIG. 18A. As the light-blocking film 7016, a metal or the like that reflects light can be used for example; however, it is not limited to a metal film. For example, a resin or the like to which black pigments are added can also be used.

The light-emitting element 7012 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7014 is sandwiched between the cathode 7013 and the anode 7015. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 18B, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side as indicated by an arrow.

Next, a light-emitting element having a dual emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 18C. In FIG. 18C, a cathode 7023 of a light-emitting element 7022 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7027 which is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7021, and a light-emitting layer 7024 and an anode 7025 are sequentially stacked over the cathode 7023. As in the case of FIG. 18A, the cathode 7023 can be formed using any of a variety of materials as long as it is a conductive material having a low work function. The cathode 7023 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light. For example, a film of Al having a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7023. Further, the light-emitting layer 7024 can be formed of either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked, as in the case of FIG. 18A. The anode 7025 can be made of a light-transmitting conductive material like in the case of FIG. 18A.

The light-emitting element 7022 corresponds to a region where the cathode 7023, the light-emitting layer 7024, and the anode 7025 overlap with one another. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 18C, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7022 to both the anode 7025 side and the cathode 7023 side as indicated by arrows.

Note that, although the organic EL elements are described here as the light-emitting elements, an inorganic EL element can also be provided as a light-emitting element.

Note that the example is described in which a thin film transistor (a driving TFT) which controls the driving of a light-emitting element is connected to the light-emitting element; however, a structure may be employed in which a TFT for current control is connected between the driving TFT and the light-emitting element.

Note that the structure of the semiconductor device is not limited to those illustrated in FIGS. 18A to 18C and can be modified in various ways based on techniques disclosed in this specification.

Next, the appearance and cross section of a light-emitting display panel (also referred to as a light-emitting panel) which corresponds to one mode of a semiconductor device according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 16A and 16B. FIG. 16A is a top view of a panel in which a thin film transistor and a light-emitting element formed over a first substrate are sealed between the first substrate and a second substrate with a sealant. FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view taken along line H-I of FIG. 16A.

A sealant 4505 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4502, signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b which are provided over a first substrate 4501. In addition, a second substrate 4506 is provided over the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b. Accordingly, the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b are sealed together with a filler 4507, by the first substrate 4501, the sealant 4505, and the second substrate 4506. It is preferable that a panel be packaged (sealed) with a protective film (such as a laminate film or an ultraviolet curable resin film) or a cover material with high air-tightness and little degasification so that the panel is not exposed to the outside air, in this manner.

The pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b formed over the first substrate 4501 each include a plurality of thin film transistors, and a thin film transistor 4510 included in the pixel portion 4502 and a thin film transistor 4509 included in the signal line driver circuit 4503 a are illustrated as an example in FIG. 16B.

For the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510, the highly reliable thin film transistor including the oxide semiconductor layer described in Embodiment 3 can be employed. Alternatively, the thin film transistors described in Embodiment 1 or 2 may be employed as the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510. The thin film transistors 4509 and 4510 are n-channel thin film transistors.

Moreover, reference numeral 4511 denotes a light-emitting element. A first electrode layer 4517 that is a pixel electrode included in the light-emitting element 4511 is electrically connected to a source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer of the thin film transistor 4510. Note that although the light-emitting element 4511 has a stacked structure of the first electrode layer 4517, a light-emitting layer 4512, and a second electrode layer 4513, the structure of the light-emitting element 4511 is not limited to the structure described in this embodiment. The structure of the light-emitting element 4511 can be changed as appropriate depending on the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511, or the like.

A partition 4520 is formed using an organic resin film, an inorganic insulating film, or organic polysiloxane. It is particularly preferable that the partition 4520 be formed using a photosensitive material and an opening be formed over the first electrode layer 4517 so that a sidewall of the opening is formed as an inclined surface with continuous curvature.

The light-emitting layer 4512 may be formed using a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked.

A protective film may be formed over the second electrode layer 4513 and the partition 4520 in order to prevent entry of oxygen, hydrogen, moisture, carbon dioxide, or the like into the light-emitting element 4511. As the protective film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a DLC film, or the like can be formed.

In addition, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, or the pixel portion 4502 from FPCs 4518 a and 4518 b.

A connection terminal electrode 4515 is formed from the same conductive film as the first electrode layer 4517 included in the light-emitting element 4511, and a terminal electrode 4516 is formed from the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layers included in the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510.

The connection terminal electrode 4515 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4518 a via an anisotropic conductive film 4519.

As the second substrate 4506 located in the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511 needs to have a light-transmitting property. In that case, a light-transmitting material such as a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polyester film, or an acrylic film is used for the second substrate 4506.

As the filler 4507, an ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used, in addition to an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. For example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), acrylic, polyimide, an epoxy resin, a silicone resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral), or EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) can be used. For example, nitrogen is used for the filler.

If necessary, an optical film such as a polarizing plate, a circularly polarizing plate (including an elliptically polarizing plate), a retardation plate (a quarter-wave plate or a half-wave plate), or a color filter may be provided as appropriate for a light-emitting surface of the light-emitting element. Further, a polarizing plate or a circularly polarizing plate may be provided with an anti-reflection film. For example, anti-glare treatment by which reflected light can be diffused by projections and depressions on the surface so as to reduce the glare can be performed.

As the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, a driver circuit formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film may be mounted on a substrate separately prepared. In addition, only the signal line driver circuits or part thereof, or only the scan line driver circuits or part thereof may be separately formed and mounted. This embodiment is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16B.

Through the above process, a highly reliable light-emitting display device (display panel) as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 8

A semiconductor device disclosed in this specification can be applied to electronic paper. An electronic paper can be used for electronic appliances of a variety of fields as long as they can display data. For example, an electronic paper can be applied to an e-book reader (electronic book), a poster, an advertisement in a vehicle such as a train, or displays of various cards such as a credit card. Examples of such electronic devices are illustrated in FIG. 26 and FIG. 27.

FIG. 26 illustrates a poster 2631 using electronic paper. In the case where an advertising medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced by hands; however, by using electronic paper disclosed in this specification, the advertising display can be changed in a short time. Furthermore, stable images can be obtained without display defects. Note that the poster may have a configuration capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example of an e-book reader 2700. For example, the e-book reader 2700 includes two housings, a housing 2701 and a housing 2703. The housing 2701 and the housing 2703 are combined with a hinge 2711 so that the e-book reader 2700 can be opened and closed with the hinge 2711 as an axis. With such a structure, the e-book reader 2700 can operate like a paper book.

A display portion 2705 and a display portion 2707 are incorporated in the housing 2701 and the housing 2703, respectively. The display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 may display one image or different images. In the case where the display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 display different images, for example, a display portion on the right side (the display portion 2705 in FIG. 27) can display text and a display portion on the left side (the display portion 2707 in FIG. 27) can display graphics.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example in which the housing 2701 is provided with an operation portion and the like. For example, the housing 2701 is provided with a power switch 2721, an operation key 2723, a speaker 2725, and the like. With the operation key 2723, pages can be turned. Note that a keyboard, a pointing device, or the like may also be provided on the surface of the housing, on which the display portion is provided. Furthermore, an external connection terminal (an earphone terminal, a USB terminal, a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as an AC adapter and a USB cable, or the like), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like may be provided on the back surface or the side surface of the housing. Moreover, the e-book reader 2700 may have a function of an electronic dictionary.

The e-book reader 2700 may have a configuration capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. Through wireless communication, desired book data or the like can be purchased and downloaded from an electronic book server.

Embodiment 9

A semiconductor device disclosed in this specification can be applied to a variety of electronic appliances (including game machines). Examples of the electronic appliances are a television set (also referred to as a television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone set (also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game machine, a portable information terminal, an audio reproducing device, a large-sized game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.

FIG. 28A illustrates an example of a television set 9600. In the television set 9600, a display portion 9603 is incorporated in a housing 9601. The display portion 9603 can display images. Here, the housing 9601 is supported by a stand 9605.

The television set 9600 can be operated with an operation switch of the housing 9601 or a separate remote controller 9610. Channels and volume can be controlled with an operation key 9609 of the remote controller 9610 so that an image displayed on the display portion 9603 can be controlled. Furthermore, the remote controller 9610 may be provided with a display portion 9607 for displaying data output from the remote controller 9610.

Note that the television set 9600 is provided with a receiver, a modem, and the like. With the receiver, a general television broadcast can be received. Further, when the television set 9600 is connected to a communication network by wired or wireless connection via the modem, one-way (from a transmitter to a receiver) or two-way (between a transmitter and a receiver or between receivers) data communication can be performed.

FIG. 28B illustrates an example of a digital photo frame 9700. For example, in the digital photo frame 9700, a display portion 9703 is incorporated in a housing 9701. The display portion 9703 can display a variety of images. For example, the display portion 9703 can display data of an image taken with a digital camera or the like and function as a normal photo frame

Note that the digital photo frame 9700 is provided with an operation portion, an external connection portion (a USB terminal, a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as a USB cable, or the like), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like. Although these components may be provided on the surface on which the display portion is provided, it is preferable to provide them on the side surface or the back surface for the design of the digital photo frame 9700. For example, a memory storing data of an image taken with a digital camera is inserted in the recording medium insertion portion of the digital photo frame, whereby the image data can be transferred and then displayed on the display portion 9703.

The digital photo frame 9700 may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly. The structure may be employed in which desired image data is transferred wirelessly to be displayed.

FIG. 29A is a portable game machine and includes two housings, a housing 9881 and a housing 9891, which are connected with a joint portion 9893 so that the portable game machine can be opened or folded. A display portion 9882 and a display portion 9883 are incorporated in the housing 9881 and the housing 9891, respectively. Moreover, the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 29A is provided with a speaker portion 9884, a recording medium insertion portion 9886, an LED lamp 9890, input means (operation keys 9885, a connection terminal 9887, a sensor 9888 (having a function of measuring force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation number, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, electric power, radial ray, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor, or infrared ray), and a microphone 9889), and the like. It is needless to say that the structure of the portable amusement machine is not limited to the above and other structures provided with at least a semiconductor device disclosed in this specification can be employed. The portable amusement machine may include other accessory equipment as appropriate. The portable game machine in FIG. 29A has a function of reading a program or data stored in a recording medium to display it on the display portion, and a function of sharing information with another portable game machine by wireless communication. Note that a function of the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 29A is not limited to those described above, and the portable game machine can have a variety of functions.

FIG. 29B illustrates an example of a slot machine 9900 which is a large-sized game machine. In the slot machine 9900, a display portion 9903 is incorporated in a housing 9901. In addition, the slot machine 9900 includes an operation means such as a start lever or a stop switch, a coin slot, a speaker, and the like. It is needless to say that the structure of the slot machine 9900 is not limited to the above and other structures provided with at least a semiconductor device disclosed in this specification may be employed. The slot machine 9900 may include other accessory equipment as appropriate.

FIG. 30A is a perspective view illustrating an example of a portable computer.

In the portable computer of FIG. 30A, a top housing 9301 having a display portion 9303 and a bottom housing 9302 having a keyboard 9304 can overlap with each other by closing a hinge unit which connects the top housing 9301 and the bottom housing 9302. The portable computer of FIG. 27A can be convenient for carrying, and in the case of using the keyboard for input, the hinge unit is opened and the user can input data looking at the display portion 9303.

The bottom housing 9302 includes a pointing device 9306 with which input can be performed, in addition to the keyboard 9304. Further, when the display portion 9303 is a touch input panel, input can be performed by touching part of the display portion. The bottom housing 9302 includes an arithmetic function portion such as a CPU or hard disk. In addition, the bottom housing 9302 includes another device, for example, an external connection port 9305 into which a communication cable conformable to communication standards of a USB is inserted.

The top housing 9301, which includes a display portion 9307 and can keep the display portion 9307 therein by sliding it toward the inside of the top housing 9301, can have a large display screen. In addition, the user can adjust the orientation of a screen of the display portion 9307 which can be kept in the top housing 9301. When the display portion 9307 which can be kept in the top housing 9301 is a touch input panel, input can be performed by touching part of the display portion 9307 which can be kept in the top housing 9301.

The display portion 9303 or the display portion 9307 which can be kept in the top housing 9301 are formed using an image display device of a liquid crystal display panel, a light-emitting display panel such as an organic light-emitting element or an inorganic light-emitting element, or the like.

In addition, the portable computer in FIG. 30A can be provided with a receiver and the like and can receive a television broadcast to display an image on the display portion. The user can watch a television broadcast when the whole screen of the display portion 9307 is exposed by sliding the display portion 9307 while the hinge unit which connects the top housing 9301 and the bottom housing 9302 is kept closed. In this case, the hinge unit is not opened and display is not performed on the display portion 9303. In addition, start up of only a circuit for displaying a television broadcast is performed. Therefore, power can be consumed to the minimum, which is useful for the portable computer whose battery capacity is limited.

FIG. 30B is a perspective view illustrating an example of a mobile phone that the user can wear on the wrist like a wristwatch.

This mobile phone is formed with a main body which includes a communication device including at least a telephone function, and battery; a band portion which enables the main body to be wore on the wrist; an adjusting portion 9205 for adjusting the fixation of the band portion fixed for the wrist; a display portion 9201; a speaker 9207; and a microphone 9208.

In addition, the main body includes operation switches 9203. The operation switches 9203 can serve, for example, as a switch for starting a program for the Internet when pushed, in addition to serving as a power switch, a switch for shifting the display, a switch for instruction to start taking images, or the like, and can be configured to have respective functions.

Input to this mobile phone is operated by touching the display portion 9201 with a finger or an input pen, operating the operating switches 9203, or inputting voice into the microphone 9208. Note that display buttons 9202 which are displayed on the display portion 9201 are illustrated in FIG. 30B. Input can be performed by touching the display buttons 9202 with a finger or the like.

Further, the main body includes a camera portion 9206 including an image pick-up means having a function of converting an image of an object, which is formed through a camera lens, to an electronic image signal. Note that the camera portion is not necessarily provided.

The mobile phone illustrated in FIG. 30B is provided with a receiver of a television broadcast and the like, and can display an image on the display portion 9201 by receiving a television broadcast. In addition, the mobile phone illustrated in FIG. 30B is provided with a memory device and the like such as a memory, and can record a television broadcast in the memory. The phone illustrated in FIG. 30B may have a function of collecting location information, such as the GPS.

An image display device of a liquid crystal display panel, a light-emitting display panel such as an organic light-emitting element or an inorganic light-emitting element, or the like is used as the display portion 9201. The phone illustrated in FIG. 30B is compact and lightweight and thus has limited battery capacity. Therefore, a panel which can be driven with low power consumption is preferably used as a display device for the display portion 9201.

Note that FIG. 30B illustrates the electronic device which is worn on the wrist; however, this embodiment is not limited thereto as long as a portable shape is employed.

Embodiment 10

In this embodiment, an example of a manufacturing process which is partly different from that of Embodiment 1 will be described. An example in which heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation is performed after formation of source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b is illustrated in FIGS. 31A to 31D. Note that portions similar to those in FIGS. 1A to 1D are denoted by the same reference numerals.

In a manner similar to Embodiment 1, over a substrate 400 having an insulating surface, a gate electrode layer 401, a gate insulating layer 402, and an oxide semiconductor layer 430 are formed (see FIG. 31A).

The source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b are formed over the oxide semiconductor layer 430, and the oxide semiconductor layer 430 is partly etched, so that an oxide semiconductor layer 441 is formed (see FIG. 31B).

Next, the oxide semiconductor layer 441 and the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b are subjected to heat treatment under an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, or the like) or under reduced pressure, and then subjected to slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere. This heat treatment causes dehydration or dehydrogenation treatment in the oxide semiconductor layer 441, so that the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 441 is reduced. Thus, the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 432 can be obtained (see FIG. 31C). Note that as the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b, a material which endures the heat treatment, such as tungsten or molybdenum can be used.

After the heat treatment and the slow cooling, the oxide insulating film 407 is formed to be in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 432 by a sputtering method or a PCVD method without exposure to air. When the oxide insulating film 407 is formed to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 432 by a sputtering method or a PCVD method, in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 432, the resistance of at least a region in contact with the oxide insulating film 407 is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³), so that a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region can be obtained. Thus, the oxide semiconductor layer 432 becomes the oxide semiconductor layer 403 having a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region (a third oxide semiconductor layer), and then the thin film transistor 470 can be completed (see FIG. 31D).

Impurities (such as H₂O, H, and OH) included in the oxide semiconductor layer is reduced by performing the heat treatment for dehydration or dehydrogenation, and the carrier concentration is increased. After that, slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, formation of an oxide insulating film in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer, or the like, is performed, so that the carrier concentration is reduced. Thus, reliability of the thin film transistor 470 can be improved.

Further, this embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 11

A semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIG. 32. The same portion as or a portion having similar function to those described in Embodiment 1 can be formed in a manner similar to that described in Embodiment 1; therefore, repetitive description is omitted.

The thin film transistor 471 illustrated in FIG. 32 is an example, in which a conductive layer 409 is provided to overlap with the gate electrode layer 401 and a channel region of the oxide semiconductor layer 403 with an insulating film interposed therebetween.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor 471 included in a semiconductor device. The thin film transistor 471 is a dual-gate thin film transistor and includes, over the substrate 400 which is a substrate having an insulating surface, the gate electrode layer 401, the gate insulating layer 402, the semiconductor layer 403, the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b, the oxide insulating film 407, and the conductive layer 408. The conductive layer 408 is provided over the oxide insulating film 407 so as to overlap with the gate electrode layer 401.

The conductive layer 408 can be formed using a material similar to that of the gate electrode layer 401 and the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b by a method similar thereto. In the case of providing a pixel electrode layer, the conductive layer 408 may be formed using a material similar to that of the pixel electrode by a method similar thereto. In this embodiment, the conductive layer 408 is formed using a stacked layer of a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film.

The conductive layer 408 may have the same potential as the gate electrode layer 401 or have potential different from that of the gate electrode layer 401 and can function as a second gate electrode layer. Further, the conductive layer 408 may be in a floating state.

In addition, by providing the conductive layer 408 in a position overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer 403, in a bias-temperature stress test (BT test) for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of shift in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor 471 between before and after the BT test can be reduced. In particular, according to a −BT test where −20 V of voltage is applied to a gate after the substrate temperature is increased to 150° C., shift in threshold voltage can be suppressed.

This embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 12

This embodiment describes a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device using FIG. 33. The same portion as or a portion having function similar to those described in Embodiment 1 can be formed and manufacturing steps for making those portions can be formed in a manner similar to that described in Embodiment 1; therefore, repetitive description is omitted.

A thin film transistor 472 illustrated in FIG. 33 is a mode in which a conductive layer 419 is provided to overlap with a gate electrode layer 401 and a channel region of a semiconductor layer 403. In this embodiment, an oxide insulating film 407 and an insulating layer 410 are interposed between the conductive layer 419 on one side, and the gate electrode layer 401 and the channel region of the oxide semiconductor layer 403 on the other side.

FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view of the thin film transistor 472 included in a semiconductor device. The thin film transistor 472 is a dual-gate thin film transistor and includes, over a substrate 400 having an insulating surface, the gate electrode layer 401, the gate insulating layer 402, the oxide semiconductor layer 403, source and drain regions 404 a and 404 b, source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b, the oxide insulating film 407, the insulating layer 410, and the conductive layer 419. The conductive layer 419 is provided over the insulating layer 410 to overlap with the gate electrode layer 401.

When the source and drain regions 404 a and 404 b are provided between the oxide semiconductor layer 403 and the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b, a good junction can be obtained between the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b, which are metal layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer 403. As a result, thermal stability in this case is higher than can be obtained in the case of providing Schottky junction. Moreover, since resistance is reduced, good mobility can be ensured even with a high drain voltage.

Further, this embodiment is not limited to the above structure including the source and drain regions 406 a and 406 b. For example, a structure without source and drain regions may be employed.

In the thin film transistor described in this embodiment, the insulating layer 410 functioning as a planarization film is stacked over the oxide insulating film 407, and an opening reaching the source or drain electrode layer (which is 405 b here) is formed in the oxide insulating film 407 and the insulating layer 410. A conductive film is formed over the insulating layer 410 and in the opening formed in the oxide insulating film 407 and the insulating layer 410, and etched into a desired shape, so that the conductive layer 419 and a pixel electrode layer 411 are formed. In such a manner, the conductive layer 419 can be formed together with the pixel electrode layer 411, using the same material by the same method. In this embodiment, the pixel electrode layer 411 and the conductive layer 419 are formed using indium oxide-tin oxide alloy including silicon oxide (an In—Sn—O-based oxide including silicon oxide).

The conductive layer 419 may be formed using a material similar to those for the gate electrode layer 401 and the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b using a method similar thereto.

The conductive layer 419 may have the same potential as the gate electrode layer 401 or have potential different from that of the gate electrode layer 401. The conductive layer 419 can function as a second gate electrode layer. Further, the conductive layer 419 may be in a floating state.

In addition, by providing the conductive layer 419 in a portion overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer 403, in a bias-temperature stress test (BT test) for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of shift in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor 472 between before and after the BT test can be reduced.

This embodiment mode can be freely combined with Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 13

This embodiment describes an example of a channel-stop-type thin film transistor 1430, using FIGS. 34A, 34B, and 34C. FIG. 34C illustrates an example of a top view of the thin film transistor, a cross-sectional view along dotted line Z1-Z2 of which corresponds to FIG. 34B. This embodiment describes a mode in which an oxide semiconductor material which does not include gallium is used for an oxide semiconductor layer 1403 of the thin film transistor 1430.

As in FIG. 34A, a gate electrode layer 1401 is formed over a substrate 1400. Next, an oxide semiconductor layer is formed over a gate insulating layer 1402 covering the gate electrode layer 1401.

In this embodiment, the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 is formed using a Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor by a sputtering method. When gallium is not used for the oxide semiconductor layer, cost can be reduced because an expensive target is not used in formation of the oxide semiconductor layer.

Just after deposition of an oxide semiconductor film or after patterning of the oxide semiconductor film, dehydration or dehydrogenation is performed.

In order to perform dehydration or dehydrogenation, heat treatment is performed under an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon or the like) or under reduced pressure and then slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. The heat treatment is performed at 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably 400° C. to 450° C. inclusive. The heat treatment under an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure and slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere enable reduction of resistance (increase in a carrier concentration, preferably 1×10¹⁸/cm³ or higher) of the oxide semiconductor layer, so that the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 1403 can be obtained (see FIG. 34A).

Next, a channel protective layer 1418 is formed in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 1403. Formation of the channel protective layer 1418 over the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 can prevent damage (such as reduction in thickness due to plasma or an etchant in etching) at a step for forming a source region 1406 a and a drain region 1406 a, which is performed later. Thus, reliability of the thin film transistor 1430 can be improved.

In addition, after the dehydration or dehydrogenation, the channel protective layer 1418 can be formed successively without exposure to the air. Successive process without exposure to air makes it possible to obtain each interface between stacked layers, which is not contaminated by atmospheric components or impurity elements floating in air, such as moisture, hydrocarbon, or the like. Therefore, variation in characteristics of the thin film transistor can be reduced.

When the channel protective layer 1418 that is an oxide insulating film is formed using a sputtering method, a PCVD method, or the like so as to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 1403, the resistance of a region in contact with at least the channel protective layer 1418, which is in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 1403, is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³, more preferably lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁴/cm³) so that the region becomes a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region. It is important to increase or decrease the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer by heating under an inert atmosphere (or under reduced pressure), slow cooling under an oxygen atmosphere, and forming an oxide insulating film in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.

The channel protective layer 1418 can be formed using an inorganic material including oxygen (such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon oxynitride). The channel protective layer 1418 can be formed using a vapor-phase growth method such as a plasma CVD method or a thermal CVD method, or a sputtering method. The channel protective layer 1418 is obtained by processing a shape of a deposited film. Here, the channel protective layer 1418 is formed in such a manner that a silicon oxide film is formed using a sputtering method and processed by etching using a mask formed by photolithography.

Then, the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b are formed over the channel protective layer 1418 and the oxide semiconductor layer 1403. In this embodiment, the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b which serve as a source region and a drain region are Al—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal films. The source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b are formed under deposition conditions different from those of the oxide semiconductor layer 1403, and are oxide semiconductor layers having lower resistance. In addition, the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b may be formed using an Al—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film including nitrogen, that is, an Al—Zn—O—N-based non-single-crystal film (also referred to as an AZON film).

Next, a source electrode layer 1405 a and a drain electrode layer 1405 b are formed over the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b, respectively, so that the thin film transistor 1430 is manufactured (see FIG. 34B). The source electrode layer 1405 a and the drain electrode layer 1405 b can be formed in a manner similar to the source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b described in Embodiment 1.

When the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b are formed between the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 and the source electrode layer 1405 a and between the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 and the drain electrode layer 1405 b, respectively, a good junction can be obtained between the source and drain electrode layers 1405 a and 1405 b, which are metal layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer 1403. As a result, thermal stability in this case higher than that in the case of providing Schottky junction can be obtained. Moreover, since resistance is reduced, good mobility can be ensured even with a high drain voltage.

Further, this embodiment is not limited to the above structure including the source region 1406 a and the drain region 1406 b. For example, a structure without a source region and a drain region may be employed.

Furthermore, after the channel protective layer 1418 is formed, the thin film transistor 1430 is subjected to heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere (in the air) (preferably at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C.). For example, the heat treatment is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at 250° C. for one hour. When the heat treatment is performed, the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 is heated while being in contact with the channel protective layer 1418, which enables reduction in variation in electric characteristics of the thin film transistor 1430. There is no particular limitation of the timing of the heat treatment (preferably at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C.) as long as it is performed after formation of the channel protective layer 1418. When the heat treatment is performed in combination with another step such as heat treatment in formation of an insulating film serving as a planarization film or heat treatment for reducing the resistance of a transparent conductive film, the number of the steps is not increased.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 14

This embodiment describes a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device, using FIGS. 35A and 35B. The same portion as or a portion having function similar to those described in Embodiment 13 can be formed and manufacturing steps for forming those portions can be performed in a manner similar to that described in Embodiment 13; therefore, repetitive description is omitted.

A thin film transistor 1431 illustrated in FIG. 35A is an example, in which a conductive layer 1409 is provided to overlap with a gate electrode layer 1401 and a channel region of an oxide semiconductor layer 1403. In this embodiment, a channel protective layer 1418 and an insulating layer 1407 can be interposed between the conductive layer 1409 and the gate electrode layer 1401 on one side, and the channel region of the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 on the other side.

The thin film transistor 1431 is a dual-gate thin film transistor and includes, over a substrate 1400 having an insulating surface, the gate electrode layer 1401, the gate insulating layer 1402, the oxide semiconductor layer 1403, source and drain regions 1406 a and 1406 b, source and drain electrode layers 1405 a and 1405 b, the insulating layer 1407, and the conductive layer 1409. The conductive layer 1409 is provided over the insulating layer 1407 to overlap with the gate electrode layer 1401.

The conductive layer 1409 can be formed using the same material and method as that for the gate electrode layer 1401 or that for the source and drain electrode layers 1405 a and 1405 b. In the case where a pixel electrode layer is provided, the conductive layer 1409 may be formed using the same material and method as those for the pixel electrode layer. In this embodiment, a stack of a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film is used as the conductive layer 1409.

The conductive layer 1409 may have the same potential as the gate electrode layer 1401 or have potential different from that of the gate electrode layer 1401 and can function as a second gat electrode layer. Further, the conductive layer 1409 may be in a floating state.

In addition, by providing the conductive layer 1409 in a portion overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer 1403, in a bias-temperature stress test (hereinafter, referred to as a BT test) for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of change in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor 1431 between before and after the BT test can be reduced.

FIG. 35B illustrates an example partly different from FIG. 35A. The same portion and a step as, or a portion having function similar to those illustrated in FIG. 35A can be made in a manner similar to that illustrated in FIG. 35A; therefore, repetitive description is omitted.

A thin film transistor 1432 illustrated in FIG. 35B is an example, in which the conductive layer 1409 is provided to overlap with the gate electrode layer 1401 and a channel region of the oxide semiconductor layer 1403. In this case, the channel protective layer 1418, the insulating layer 1407, and an insulating layer 1408 are interposed between the conductive layer 1409 on one side, and the gate electrode layer 1401, and the channel region of the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 on the other side.

In FIG. 35B, the insulating layer 1408 functioning as a planarization film is stacked over the insulating layer 1407.

In addition, in FIG. 35B, a structure without source and drain regions, in which the oxide semiconductor layer 1403 is directly in contact with the source electrode layer 1405 a and the drain electrode layer 1405 b.

Also in the structure of FIG. 35B, by providing the conductive layer 1409 in a portion overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer 1403, in a BT test for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of change in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor 1432 between before and after the BT test can be reduced.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Embodiment 15

This embodiment describes an example of a structure which is partially different from that of Embodiment 1 with reference to FIG. 36. The same portion as or a portion having function similar to those described in Embodiment 1 can be formed and manufacturing steps for forming those portions can be performed in a manner similar to that described in Embodiment 1; therefore, repetitive description is omitted.

In this embodiment, after patterning of a first oxide semiconductor layer, heat treatment is performed under an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, or the like) or under reduced pressure, and then slow cooling is performed under an oxygen atmosphere. By subjecting the first oxide semiconductor layer to the heat treatment under the atmosphere, impurities such as hydrogen and moisture in an oxide semiconductor layer 403 can be removed.

Next, a second oxide semiconductor film used for forming source and drain regions (also referred to as n⁺ layers or buffer layers) of a thin film transistor is formed over the first oxide semiconductor layer and then a conductive film is formed.

Then, the first oxide semiconductor layer, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the conductive film are selectively etched through an etching step to form the oxide semiconductor layer 403, source and drain regions 404 a and 404 b, and source and drain electrode layers 405 a and 405 b. Note that the oxide semiconductor layer 403 is partly etched to have a groove portion (a recessed portion).

Next, a silicon oxide film as an oxide insulating film 407 is formed in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403, using a sputtering method or a PCVD method. As the oxide insulating film 407 formed so as to be in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer, an inorganic insulating film which does not include impurities such as moisture, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, or OW, and blocks their entry from the outside. Specifically, a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride oxide film is used.

When the oxide insulating film 407 is formed in contact with the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 403, using a sputtering method or a PCVD method, or the like, the resistance of at least a region in contact with the oxide insulating film 407, which is in the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer 403, is increased (the carrier concentration is reduced, preferably lower than 1×10¹⁸/cm³, more preferably lower than or equal to 1×10¹⁴/cm³) so that the region becomes a high-resistance oxide semiconductor region. When the oxide insulating film 407 is formed in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 403, the high-resistance oxide semiconductor region is obtained. Thus, the thin film transistor 470 can be manufactured (see FIG. 36).

In the structure illustrated in FIG. 36, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non single crystal is used for the source and drain regions 404 a and 404 b.

In addition, the source region is provided between the oxide semiconductor layer 403 and the source electrode layer, and the drain region is provided between the oxide semiconductor layer and the drain electrode layer. As the source and drain regions, an oxide semiconductor layer exhibiting an n-type conductivity is used.

In addition, the second oxide semiconductor layer used for the source and drain regions 404 a and 404 b of a thin film transistor 473 is preferably thinner than the oxide semiconductor layer 403 used for a channel formation region and preferably has higher conductivity (electrical conductivity) than the oxide semiconductor layer 403.

Further, the oxide semiconductor layer 403 used for the channel formation region has an amorphous structure and the second oxide semiconductor layer used for the source and drain regions includes a crystal grain (nanocrystal) in an amorphous structure in some cases. The crystal grain (nanocrystal) in the second oxide semiconductor layer used for the source region and the drain region has a diameter of 1 nm to 10 nm, typically about 2 nm to 4 nm.

Further, after the oxide insulating film 407 is formed, the thin film transistor 473 may be subjected to heat treatment (preferably at a temperature higher than or equal to 150° C. and lower than 350° C.) under a nitrogen atmosphere or an air atmosphere (in the air). For example, the heat treatment is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at 250° C. for one hour. When the heat treatment is performed, the oxide semiconductor layer 403 is heated while being in contact with the oxide insulating film 407, which enables reduction in variation in electric characteristics of the thin film transistor 473.

This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.

Example 1

In this example, in an oxide semiconductor layer including a region having high oxygen concentration and a region having low oxygen concentration, the simulation result thereof in change of the oxygen concentration before and after heat treatment will be described with reference to FIG. 37 and FIG. 38. As software for the simulation, Materials Explorer 5.0 manufactured by Fujitsu Limited was used.

FIG. 37 illustrates a model of an oxide semiconductor layer which was used for the simulation. Here, a structure in which a low oxygen concentration layer 703 and a high oxygen concentration layer 705 were stacked was employed for an oxide semiconductor layer 701.

For the low oxygen concentration layer 703, an amorphous structure was employed in which the numbers of In atoms, Ga atoms, and Zn atoms were each 15 and the number of O atoms was 54.

In addition, for the high oxygen concentration layer 705, an amorphous structure was employed in which the numbers of In atoms, Ga atoms, and Zn atoms were each 15 and the number of O atoms was 66.

Moreover, the density of the oxide semiconductor layer 701 was set at 5.9 g/cm³.

Next, the classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed on the oxide semiconductor layer 701 to calculate the variations of oxygen concentration under conditions of NVT ensemble and a temperature of 250° C. The time step was set at 0.2 fs, and the total simulation time was set at 200 ps. In addition, Born-Mayer-Huggins potential was used for the potentials of metal-oxygen bonding and oxygen-oxygen bonding. Moreover, movement of atoms at an upper end portion and a lower end portion of the oxide semiconductor layer 701 was fixed.

Then, the simulation result is shown in FIG. 38. In z-axis coordinates, the range of 0 nm to 1.15 nm indicates the low oxygen concentration layer 703, and the range of 1.15 nm to 2.3 nm indicates the high oxygen concentration layer 705. The distribution of oxygen densities before the MD simulation is indicated by a solid line 707, and the distribution of oxygen densities after the MD simulation is indicated by a dashed line 709.

The solid line 707 shows that oxygen densities are higher above the interface separating the low oxygen concentration layer 703 from the high oxygen concentration layer 705 and in the high oxygen concentration layer 705. On the other hand, the dashed line 709 shows that the oxygen densities are uniform throughout the low oxygen concentration layer 703 and the high oxygen concentration layer 705.

As described above, when there is non-uniformity in the distribution of oxygen concentrations as in the stack of the low oxygen concentration layer 703 and the high oxygen concentration layer 705, it is found that the oxygen diffuses from where an oxygen concentration is higher to where an oxygen density is lower by heat treatment and thus the oxygen concentrations becomes uniform.

That is, as described in Embodiment 1, since the oxygen concentration at the interface between the oxide semiconductor layer 431 and the oxide insulating film 407 is increased by formation of the oxide insulating film 407 over the oxide semiconductor layer 431, the oxygen diffuses into the oxide semiconductor layer 431 where the oxygen concentration is low and thus the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 431 is increased. Further, in Embodiment 1, after the oxide semiconductor layer is heated in an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, or the like) or under reduced pressure, the oxide semiconductor layer is slowly cooled under an oxygen atmosphere, and then the oxide insulating film 407 is formed, whereby the oxygen concentration of a surface of the oxide semiconductor layer can be increased. Thus, the oxygen diffuses into the oxide semiconductor layer 431 where the oxygen concentration is low and thus the resistance of the oxide semiconductor layer 431 is increased. As described above, reliability of a thin film transistor can be improved.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2009-156422 filed with Japan Patent Office on Jun. 30, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor layer; performing a heat treatment on the oxide semiconductor layer in a chamber, whereby a carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer is higher than or equal to 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³; introducing oxygen into the chamber after the heat treatment; and forming an insulating layer including oxygen over and in contact with a part of the oxide semiconductor layer, whereby a carrier concentration in the part of the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³, wherein the heat treatment is performed under an inert atmosphere or under reduced pressure, and wherein a hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 3×10²⁰ cm⁻³ after the heat treatment.
 2. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the inert atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere.
 3. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer over the oxide semiconductor layer.
 4. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 400° C.
 5. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer includes a crystal.
 6. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises indium and zinc.
 7. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of In—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Ga—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor; and a Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor.
 8. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor layer; performing a heat treatment on the oxide semiconductor layer in a chamber, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer comprises an oxide semiconductor in an oxygen-deficiency state; introducing oxygen into the chamber after the heat treatment; and forming an insulating layer including oxygen over and in contact with a part of the oxide semiconductor layer, whereby the part of the oxide semiconductor layer comprises an oxide semiconductor in an oxygen-excess state, wherein the heat treatment is performed under an inert atmosphere or under reduced pressure, and wherein a hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 3×10²⁰ cm⁻³ after the heat treatment.
 9. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the inert atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere.
 10. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, further comprising the step of forming a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer over the oxide semiconductor layer.
 11. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 400° C.
 12. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer includes a crystal.
 13. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises indium and zinc.
 14. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of In—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Ga—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor; and a Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor.
 15. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming an oxide semiconductor layer; performing dehydration or dehydrogenation on the oxide semiconductor layer in a chamber, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer comprises an n-type oxide semiconductor; introducing oxygen into the chamber after the dehydration or the dehydrogenation; and forming an oxide insulating layer over and in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer comprises an i-type oxide semiconductor, wherein the dehydration or the dehydrogenation is performed under an inert atmosphere or under reduced pressure, and wherein a hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 3×10²⁰ cm⁻³ after the dehydration or the dehydrogenation.
 16. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the inert atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere.
 17. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, further comprising the step of forming a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer over the oxide semiconductor layer.
 18. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the dehydration or the dehydrogenation is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 400° C.
 19. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer includes a crystal.
 20. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises indium and zinc.
 21. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of In—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—Ga—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor; an In—O-based oxide semiconductor; a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor; and a Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor. 